Frost Heaving

Frost Heaving

Plant Roots (Root Pry)

Talus

Talus

Water

Burrowing of Animals

Chemical Weathering

• The process that breaks down rock through chemical changes. New substances can be formed.

• Agents/Types of Chemical Weathering– Carbonic Acid-in rainwater. Forms caves/karst.– Oxidation (rust)– Living organisms (lichens/mosses)– Humic Acid-from decaying organic matter.

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Carbonic Acid• in water weathers mainly limestone and

dolomite by dissolving these rock types.

Carbon Dioxide

CO2 dissolves in rain water and creates carbonic acidCarbonic acid easily weathers limestone, dolomite, and marble

Effect of Acid Rain on Marble Statues

Oxygen• Iron combines with

oxygen in the presence of water in a processes called oxidation

• The product of oxidation is rust

Living Organisms

• Lichens that grow on rocks produce weak acids that chemically weather rock

As the particles get smaller, the total surface area available for chemical

weathering increases.

Soil: A product of weathering. Soil Composition - Soil has four major

components:1. Mineral matter, or broken-down rock2. Organic matter or humus, which is the decayed

remains of organisms 3. Water4. Air.Soil Texture = refers to the proportions of

different particle sizes. (Loam, Sand, Silt, Clay).

Soil Forms in Layers called a Soil Profile

What affects Soil Formation?

1. Time! More time means a thicker, more developed soil with clear horizons. 2. Climate! Probably has the larges affect on soil formation. Soil forms most quickly in humid, warm, wet climates. 3. Organisms. An abundance or lack of organisms can affect the physical and chemical nature of a soil.

Special Types of Soils

Loess: Wind blown, angular silt that is usually the product of glaciers or wind blown volcanic ash.Caliche: Soil primarily made of carbonate (limestone) found in arid areas. Peat: Accumulation of partially decayed organic matter. Found in swamps/bogsPaleosol: A fossil soil.