From Artificial Intelligence to Artificial Consciousness · 2019. 7. 4. · to Artificial Consciousness ? Prof. Steven Laureys, MD, PhD Who are we ? Coma Science Group Medical doctors

Leandro SanzComa Science Group

GIGA Consciousness

University & Hospital of Liègewww.comascience.org

From Artificial

Intelligence

to Artificial

Consciousness ?

Prof. Steven Laureys, MD, PhD

Who are we ?

Coma Science Group

Medical

doctors Neuropsychologists

Physiotherapists

www.comascience.org

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Summary3

1. Defining Consciousness

2. Neuroimaging

4. Machines vs. Humans

5. Machines for Humans

6. Machines like Humans

1. Consciousness

Un si brillant cerveau – Steven Laureys, Editions Odile Jacob, 2015

What is consciousness ?

Consciousness | Neuroimaging | Machine vs. Human | Machine for Human| Machine like Human

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Laureys, Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 2005

Coma

Generalanesthesia

Locked-In Syndrome

Minimally conscious

state

Vegetative state/unresponsive wakefulness

syndrome

Conscious wakefulness

Drowsiness

Slow-wave sleep I - II

Slow-wavesleep III

Lucid dream

REM sleep

Consciousness: 2 components

“There’s nothing we can do…

he’ll always be a vegetable.”

Aw

are

ne

ss

Arousal

+

-

Consciousness | Neuroimaging | Machine vs. Human | Machine for Human| Machine like Human

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The networks of consciousness

Internal network:

Consciousness of self

External network:

Consciousness of environment

Laureys, Scientific American 2007

Vanhaudenhuyse et al, J Cogn Neurosci 2011

anterior cingulate

precuneus

Lateral fronto-

parietal cortices

Consciousness | Neuroimaging | Machine vs. Human | Machine for Human| Machine like Human

Terry Schiavo

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Consciousness | Neuroimaging | Machine vs. Human | Machine for Human| Machine like Human

Why assess consciousness ?

Demertzi et al, J Neurology 2011

PrognosisUnresponsive wakefulness (UWS)

EthicsTreatment

Schiff et al, Nature, 2007

Thibaut et al, Brain Inj 2017

Cassol et al, unpublished data

MCS

UWS

Death

Emergence

Death

MCS

Minimally conscious (MCS)UWS MCS UWS MCS

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LIS diagnosis:-Mean time from onset: 79 days

-Made by family member in 54%

León-Carrión et al, Brain Injury 2002

Consciousness | Neuroimaging | Machine vs. Human | Machine for Human| Machine like Human

2. Neuroimaging

Electroencephalography (EEG)

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Consciousness | Neuroimaging | Machine vs. Human | Machine for Human| Machine like Human

Auditory evoked potentials

Boly et al, Science, 2011

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Consciousness | Neuroimaging | Machine vs. Human | Machine for Human| Machine like Human

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Transcranial magnetic

stimulation + EEG

Consciousness | Neuroimaging | Machine vs. Human | Machine for Human| Machine like Human

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Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

Consciousness | Neuroimaging | Machine vs. Human | Machine for Human| Machine like Human

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Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Consciousness | Neuroimaging | Machine vs. Human | Machine for Human| Machine like Human

3. Machines vs. Humans

Human vs. Supercomputer

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Consciousness | Neuroimaging | Machine vs. Human | Machine for Human| Machine like Human

Axons vs. wires

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Consciousness | Neuroimaging | Machine vs. Human | Machine for Human| Machine like Human

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Axons vs. wires

Consciousness | Neuroimaging | Machine vs. Human | Machine for Human| Machine like Human

Gary Kasparov vs. Deep Blue

Kasparov vs. Deep Blue 1997

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Consciousness | Neuroimaging | Machine vs. Human | Machine for Human| Machine like Human

Ken Jennings vs. IBM Watson

Jeopardy! 2011

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Consciousness | Neuroimaging | Machine vs. Human | Machine for Human| Machine like Human

ASIMO

Honda ASIMO, 2006

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Consciousness | Neuroimaging | Machine vs. Human | Machine for Human| Machine like Human

ATLAS

Boston Dynamics ATLAS, 2018

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Consciousness | Neuroimaging | Machine vs. Human | Machine for Human| Machine like Human

Alan Turing vs. Robots

Alan Turing, Computing machinery and intelligence, 1950

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Consciousness | Neuroimaging | Machine vs. Human | Machine for Human| Machine like Human

CAPTCHA vs. Robots

Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart, depuis 2000

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Consciousness | Neuroimaging | Machine vs. Human | Machine for Human| Machine like Human

Cats vs. Robots ?

reCAPTCHA, 2017

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Consciousness | Neuroimaging | Machine vs. Human | Machine for Human| Machine like Human

Robots vs. Music

Toyota violin robot, 2007

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Consciousness | Neuroimaging | Machine vs. Human | Machine for Human| Machine like Human

Toyota violin robot, 2007

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Consciousness | Neuroimaging | Machine vs. Human | Machine for Human| Machine like Human

Toyota basketball robot, 2018

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Consciousness | Neuroimaging | Machine vs. Human | Machine for Human| Machine like Human

Imitation or Emotion ?

Nurse robot, CHU Liège 2016

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Consciousness | Neuroimaging | Machine vs. Human | Machine for Human| Machine like Human

Machines vs. Criminals

Policeman robot, police Dubaï 2017

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Consciousness | Neuroimaging | Machine vs. Human | Machine for Human| Machine like Human

Self consciousness & ego

Ex Machina 2015Gallup Test

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Consciousness | Neuroimaging | Machine vs. Human | Machine for Human| Machine like Human

Self Consciousness & ego

Westworld, 2016

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Consciousness | Neuroimaging | Machine vs. Human | Machine for Human| Machine like Human

Uploading consciousness ?

Black Mirror, 2018

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Consciousness | Neuroimaging | Machine vs. Human | Machine for Human| Machine like Human

4. Machines for Humans

EEG : functional connectivity

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Consciousness | Neuroimaging | Machine vs. Human | Machine for Human| Machine like Human

PET: brain metabolism

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Consciousness | Neuroimaging | Machine vs. Human | Machine for Human| Machine like Human

PET: networks of consciousness

Thibaut et al, J Rehabil Med, 2012Stender & Gosseries et al, Lancet, 2014

ECM ENR

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Consciousness | Neuroimaging | Machine vs. Human | Machine for Human| Machine like Human

MRI : structural changes

Control

MCS

UWS

Grey matterVolume-Based Morphometry

White matterDiffusion tensor imaging

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Consciousness | Neuroimaging | Machine vs. Human | Machine for Human| Machine like Human

Functional MRI:

Brain-Computer Interfaces

Laureys et al, Lancet, 2000

Imagine Tennis for YES

Imagine Navigate NO

Is your father called Alexander ? Is your father called Thomas ?

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Consciousness | Neuroimaging | Machine vs. Human | Machine for Human| Machine like Human

EEG

Machine Learning………120

markers

Probability of consciousness

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Connectivity Information Spectral measures Evoked potentials

Consciousness | Neuroimaging | Machine vs. Human | Machine for Human| Machine like Human

5. Machines like Humans

TD Learning & dopamine

Training Reward

NO YES

YES YES

YES NO

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Consciousness | Neuroimaging | Machine vs. Human | Machine for Human| Machine like Human

Supervised learning &

the cerebellum

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Consciousness | Neuroimaging | Machine vs. Human | Machine for Human| Machine like Human

Conclusion

The mind is not digital

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The mind is not digital

Digits do not make a mind (yet)

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Human Consciousness

Arousal & awareness

Internal & external networks

Brain imaging techniques: EEG, TMS, PET, MRI

Artificial Intelligence

Computing power

Imitation and accuracy

Unable to generate original emotions

Artificial models contribute to

the understanding of the human brain !

49Conclusion

Thank you !

More information: leandro.sanz@uliege.be