For those who missed Friday’s Test… zYou must complete the test by the end of the school day TOMORROW yUnfortunately my schedule between now and then is.

For those who missed Friday’s Test…

You must complete the test by the end of the school day TOMORROW Unfortunately my schedule between

now and then is pretty packed… looks like the ONLY available time is tomorrow morning at 7:00amLooking forward to many bright and happy

faces then….

Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY

(7th Ed)

Chapter 7

States of Consciousness

James A. McCubbin, PhDClemson University

Worth Publishers

Mind - Body

What is the relationship between the mind and the body? Is the mind separate from the body?

Dualists answer YESMonists answer NO

Questionnaire (3.2)

Waking Consciousness

Consciousness our

awareness of ourselves and our environments

Experience and Awareness Questionnaire

Sleep and Dreams

True or False:1. When people sleepwalk, they are experiencing a dream that they are walking.

a) False. Normal REM sleep is accompanied by muscle paralysis that makes acting out of dreams impossible. Sleepwalking actually occurs in sleep stages 3 and 4.

Sleep and Dreams

True or False:2. The term "night terrors" refers to extremely scary nightmares.

a) False. Night or sleep terrors (occurring in stages 3 and 4) are marked by intense feelings of dread but lack the fearful narratives that characterize nightmares. Autonomic nervous system arousal is intense in night terrors but mild in nightmares.

Sleep and Dreams

True or False:3. Dreaming occurs only in a stage of sleep referred to as REM sleep.

a) False. Research indicates that some hallucination-like dreams occur in stage 1. Unlike REM dreams, these stage 1 dreams do not follow a narrative or story line.

Sleep and Dreams

True or False:4. Most people report dreaming in black and white.

a) False. Dreaming, as reported in self-reported dream logs, typically occurs in full color.

Sleep and Dreams

True or False:5. Adults dream more than children.

a) False. Infants enter REM sooner and for a greater percentage of sleep than do adults or older children.

Sleep and Dreams

True or False:6. Some people require as few as 4 hours of sleep a night to feel well rested.

a) True. Some require as few as 4 hours while others need as many as 10. Most people require between 6 and 10 hours of sleep.

Sleep and Dreams

True or False:7. Most scientists believe all humans dream.

a) True. Ninety-five percent of people awakened during REM report dreaming. Failure to report dreaming, suggest researchers, reflects a failure of memory.

Sleep and Dreams

True or False:8. More than half of American adults have suffered from insomnia in the past year.

a) True. According to the 2005 Sleep in America poll, 54 percent of American adults report that, within the last year, they have experienced at least one or more symptoms of insomnia at least a few nights a week.

Sleep and Dreams

True or False:9. Barbiturates can induce a sleep that is just like natural sleep.

a) False. Barbiturates suppress central nervous system activity and are associated with a lower level of REM sleep than is healthy. Moreover, they are highly addictive and are associated with painful and difficult withdrawal. Newer sleep medications (e.g., benzodiazepines) are much safer.

Sleep and Dreams

True or False:10. Over-the-counter (OTC) medications are effective in treating sleep problems such as insomnia.

a) False. Although generally safe, OTCs can cause nausea and, more rarely, fast or irregular heartbeat, blurred vision, and heightened sensitivity to sunlight. Because of the side effects of OTCs and because they are often ineffective in relieving sleep problems, experts generally advise against their use. Their primary ingredient is an antihistamine.

Sleep and Dreams

True or False:11. Bedwetting (enuresis) is usually due to the effects of dream content.

a) False. Slow maturation of bladder control is the most common cause of bedwetting. Enuresis is viewed as a disorder of arousal, that is, an elevated sleep arousal threshold leaves the child unable to awaken after an enuretic episode.

Sleep and Dreams

True or False:12. Although in most people REM sleep is associated with muscle paralysis, some people actually act out their dreams during REM sleep.

a) True. Men over 50 are more likely to experience REM behavior disorder. They may hurt themselves or their bed partners. About one-third of them develop Parkinson's disease within three years of REM behavior disorder's onset.

Sleep and Dreams

True or False:13. An animal's size is a key determinant of the amount of time the animal sleeps.

a) True. Bigger animals—elephants, giraffes, humans—need less sleep than smaller animals—rats, cats, voles.

b) The reason seems related to the fact that small animals have higher metabolic rates and higher brain and body temperatures than do large animals.

Sleep and Dreams

True or False:14. Snoring can be a symptom of a serious medical condition.

a) True. Snoring can be a symptom of sleep apnea, which is characterized by pauses in breathing during sleep. The difficult breathing leads to decreased blood oxygen, which increases the risk of cardiovascular disease. The condition affects about 18 million adults in the United States and is most common among older, overweight men.

The National Sleep Foundation's Sleep IQ Test

True or False:During sleep, your brain rests.

False. Although the body rests, the brain remains very active. As the text indicates, the brain repairs and reorganizes itself and consolidates memories. The activity prepares us for alertness and peak functioning the next day.

The National Sleep Foundation's Sleep IQ Test

You cannot learn to function normally with one or two fewer hours of sleep than you need. True. Sleep need seems to be biological. Clearly,

children need more sleep than adults. Although most adults need eight hours to function at their best, our individual needs seem genetically determined. How does one determine one's unique sleep need? On a night you are not exhausted, try sleeping until you wake up on your own. If you feel rested, the length of time you slept provides a fairly accurate measure.

The National Sleep Foundation's Sleep IQ Test

Boredom makes you feel sleepy, even if you have had enough sleep. False. When you feel bored, you may notice you

are sleepy. However, boredom, like a warm or dark room, does not cause sleepiness. Rather, it merely unmasks it.

The National Sleep Foundation's Sleep IQ Test

Resting in bed with your eyes closed cannot satisfy your body's need for sleep. True. Sleep seems as necessary to good health as

food and water, because sleep is an active process that contributes to health and alertness. Without it, our body builds up a sleep debt. Rest is no substitute.

The National Sleep Foundation's Sleep IQ Test

Snoring is not harmful as long as it doesn't disturb others or wake you up False. Snoring may signal the presence of sleep

apnea that can be a life-threatening disorder. Those suffering from sleep apnea snore loudly and awaken repeatedly gasping for breath. Fortunately, there are effective treatments.

The National Sleep Foundation's Sleep IQ Test

Everyone dreams nightly True. Every person dreams every night. There is, of

course, great variation in how much of our dreams we remember.

The National Sleep Foundation's Sleep IQ Test

The older you get, the fewer hours of sleep you need. False. Sleep need remains unchanged throughout

adulthood. Although older people may wake more frequently and sleep less, their sleep need is no less than during young adulthood. Sleep difficulties are not a normal consequence of aging, although they are not uncommon.

The National Sleep Foundation's Sleep IQ Test

Most people don't know when they are sleepy. True. Researchers have asked thousands of

respondents if they are sleepy, only to be told "no" just before the respondents fall asleep. Studies suggest that people are not good judges of whether or why they are sleepy. When driving, one should not assume that he or she can tough it out. If you are sleepy enough, you can fall asleep anywhere.

The National Sleep Foundation's Sleep IQ Test

Raising the volume of your radio will help you stay awake while driving. False. The only short-term solution is to pull over

and take a short nap or have a caffeinated drink. The better solution is prevention. Start out only after a good night's sleep. Loud radios fail to keep sleepy drivers alert (the same can be said of chew ing gum and open windows)

The National Sleep Foundation's Sleep IQ Test

Sleep disorders are mainly due to worry or psychological problemsFalse. Although stress may be an important reason for occasional insomnia, chronic sleep disorders have diverse causes. For example, sleep apnea is caused by obstruction of the airway during sleep. Narcolepsy, marked by daytime sleepiness and sud den sleep attacks, appears to be genetic. No one yet knows the reasons for restless legs syndrome in which creepy, crawly feelings arise in the legs and are relieved, momentarily, by movement

The National Sleep Foundation's Sleep IQ Test

The human body never adjusts to night shift work.True. We have a circadian, or 24-hour, rhythm. This rhythm, which determines when we feel sleepy and when we feel alert, is set by light and dark cycles. When we travel across time zones, the light and dark cycles change and our circadian rhythm adjusts. For those working a night shift, the light and dark cycle does not change, so the rhythm does not adjust. Regardless, we are most likely to feel sleepy between midnight and 6 A.M. No matter how long you work a night shift, sleeping during the day remains a challenge. Shift workers in particular should avoid caffeine during the last half of the day, block out noise and light at bedtime, and stay away from alcohol and alerting activities before bedtime. Studies of shift workers reveal that the manipulation of light [perhaps even light to the back of the knee] helps reset our biological clocks

The National Sleep Foundation's Sleep IQ Test

Most sleep disorders go away, even without treatment False. Sleep disorders do not disappear without treatment.

Treatment may be behavioral (e.g., avoiding alcohol before bedtime and losing weight for victims of sleep apnea), pharmaceutical, surgical, or some combination. Allowing a sleep disorder to go untreated worsens the quality of life and can even lead to accident and death.

The Mind Awake and Asleep

27:32

Sleep and Dreams

Text site: Sleep and Sleeplessness

The Brain – Sleep Functions

Sleep and Dreams

Biological Rhythms periodic physiological fluctuations

(sleep) Circadian Rhythm

the biological clock based on light & dark

On a 24-hour cycle of wakefulness/sleep

At night: body temperature drops; morning it rises

Hard to go to bed early bc of artificial light

Sleep and Dreams

Study Time Using your text – Identify the stages of

sleep Name Characteristics

Duration Symptoms Etc.

Participation Grade – due at end of period

SLEEP RHYTHM and STAGES

Sleep periodic, natural, reversible loss of

consciousnessBody is on 90 minutes cyclesFIVE DISTINCT SLEEP STAGES

FALLING ASLEEP / HYPNOGOGIC STAGE

- Body temperature drops- Hallucinations

- Alpha waves, but still awake - Highly relaxed - enjoyable

STAGE 1 (up to 5 minutes)

- Falling or floating weightlessly(your body may jerk awake)

- Alpha waves – slow, relaxed: smaller waves

- Breathing is uneven- May continue with previous stage of

- Hallucinations

STAGE 2 (about 15-20 min)

Relax more deplySPINDLES: burst of rapid, rhythmic

brainwave activityYou can be awakenedFirst stage of sleep-talkingEyes roll slowly from slide-to-side

STAGE 3 (transitional)

Delta waves – slow wave sleepHarder to awakenBrain responds to sound stimuli

STAGE 4

This stage decreases in length as the night progresses

Deep SleepDifficult to awaken Sleepwalking occurs at the end of

this stage; children may wet the bed

Night Terrors and Nightmares

Night Terrors occur within 2

or 3 hours of falling asleep, usually during Stage 4

high arousal-- appearance of being terrified

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

4

3

2

1

Sleepstages

Awake

Hours of sleep

REM

REM SLEEP (10 min +)

Brain waves active – almost like Stage 1

Genitals become aroused (all)Heart rate increasesBreathing is rapid, irregularDream state – emotional, story-like,

vividMuscle paralysis, relaxed smaller

musclesLength increases for each 90 minute

cycle

Sleep and Dreams

REM (Rapid Eye Movement) Sleep recurring sleep stage vivid dreams “paradoxical sleep”

muscles are generally relaxed, but other body systems are active

Sleep and Dreams Measuring sleep activity

Brain Waves and Sleep Stages

Alpha Waves slow waves of a

relaxed, awake brain

Delta Waves large, slow

waves of deep sleep

Hallucinations false sensory

experiences

Stages in a Typical Night’s Sleep

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

4

3

2

1

Sleepstages

Awake

Hours of sleep

REM

Stages in a Typical Night’s Sleep

Hours of sleep

Minutesof Stage 4 and REM

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 80

10

15

20

25

5

Decreasing Stage 4

Increasing REM

Sleep Deprivation

Effects of Sleep Loss fatigue impaired

concentration depressed

immune system greater

vulnerability to accidents

Sleep Deprivation

2,400

2,700

2,600

2,500

2,800

Spring time change(hour sleep loss)

3,600

4,200

4000

3,800

Fall time change(hour sleep gained)

Less sleep,more accidents

More sleep,fewer accidents

Monday before time change Monday after time change

Accident frequency

Sleep Disorders

Insomnia persistent problems in falling or

staying asleep Narcolepsy

uncontrollable sleep attacks Sleep Apnea

temporary cessation of breathing momentary reawakenings

Dreams: What are they?

Dreams: Freud

Dreams sequence of images, emotions, and

thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind

hallucinatory imagery discontinuities incongruities delusional acceptance of the

content difficulties remembering

Dreams: Freud

Sigmund Freud--The Interpretation of Dreams (1900) wish fulfillment discharge otherwise unacceptable

feelings Manifest Content

remembered story line Latent Content

underlying meaning

Why do we dream?

To satisfy a desire/wishTo file away memoriesTo develop and preserve neural

pathwaysTo reflect cognitive development

FUNCTIONS:protectiveness, growth hormone released, restores body and brain tissue

DREAMS CHANGE WITH AGE

3-4 yrs. - dream in snippets, never about self, not stories

5-6 yrs. - child makes cameo appearances in own dreams, begins narrative dreaming

7-8 yrs. - we are stars of our own dreams!

by 10 yrs. & up – dreams are narratives about us where we are working out our lives

DREAM FACTS

1. Most dreams incorporate the previous day’s experiences and thoughts

2. Most dreams are about ordinary life, not superhuman events or occurrences

DREAM FACTS

Most dreams are clear, but are not very colorful

Everyone dreams – including animals and blind people

DREAM FACTS

As the dream cycle continues a higher percentage of our dreams seem to be negative in emotion

Negative emotions are more common than positive emotions

Anxiety is the most common emotion

DREAM FACTS

Dreamers are usually part of their dreams

Adult dreamers can have lucid dreams, but most children do not experience lucid dreams…thus, more frequency of nightmares.

Dreams: 10 facts

Dreams: 10 Common Nightmares

Dreams: Lucid Dreams

Dreams: Stages

Sleep Across the Lifespan

Sleep Lab

Once the Subject is comfortable:1. Take pulse

(record along w/ time) 

2. Write: Sleep arrangement

Pillow / Pad / Blanket / etc…

Sleep position (check every 5 min.)Fetal / Back / StomachTossing / turning

Sleep Lab

3. Check breathing (every 5 min.)Listen carefully – count & record

4. Sleep position Tossing / turning / twitching (Myoclonia)Check Eyes (if possible)

Hypnosis

Hypnosis a social interaction in which one

person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur

Posthypnotic Amnesia supposed inability to recall what one

experienced during hypnosis induced by the hypnotist’s

suggestion

Hypnosis

Unhypnotized persons can also do this

Hypnosis

Orne & Evans (1965) control group instructed to “pretend” unhypnotized subjects performed the

same acts as the hypnotized ones Posthypnotic Suggestion

suggestion to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized

used by some clinicians to control undesired symptoms and behaviors

Hypnosis

Dissociation a split in consciousness allows some thoughts and behaviors

to occur simultaneously with others Hidden Observer

Hilgard’s term describing a hypnotized subject’s awareness of experiences, such as pain, that go unreported during hypnosis

Explaining Hypnosis

Drugs and Consciousness

Psychoactive Drug a chemical substance that alters

perceptions and mood Physical Dependence

physiological need for a drug marked by unpleasant withdrawal

symptoms Psychological Dependence

a psychological need to use a drug for example, to relieve negative

emotions

Dependence and Addiction

Tolerance diminishing effect

with regular use Withdrawal

discomfort and distress that follow discontinued use

Small Large

Drug dose

Littleeffect

Bigeffect

Drugeffect

Response tofirst exposure

After repeatedexposure, moredrug is neededto produce same effect

Psychoactive Drugs

Depressants drugs that reduce neural

activity slow body functions

alcohol, barbiturates, opiates

Stimulants drugs that excite neural activity speed up body functions

caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine

Psychoactive Drugs

Hallucinogens psychedelic (mind-

manifesting) drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input LSD

Psychoactive Drugs

Barbiturates drugs that depress the

activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgement

Psychoactive Drugs

Opiates opium and its derivatives

(morphine and heroin) opiates depress neural

activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety

Psychoactive Drugs

Amphetamines drugs that stimulate

neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes

Cocaine Euphoria and Crash

Psychoactive Drugs

Ecstasy (MDMA) synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen both short-term and long-term health risks

LSD lysergic acid diethylamide a powerful hallucinogenic drug also known as acid

THC the major active ingredient in marijuana triggers a variety of effects, including mild

hallucinations

Psychoactive Drugs

Trends in Drug Use

1975 ‘77 ‘79 ‘81 ‘83 ‘85 ‘87 ‘89 ‘91 ‘93 ‘95 ‘97 ‘99Year

80%

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

High schoolseniors

reportingdrug use

Alcohol

Marijuana/hashish

Cocaine

Perceived Marijuana Risk

‘75 ‘77 ‘79 ‘81 ‘83 ‘85 ‘87 ‘89 ‘91 ‘93 ‘95 ‘97 ‘99Year

100%

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Percentof

twelfthgraders

Perceived “great risk ofharm” in marijuana use

Used marijuana

Near-Death Experiences

Near-Death Experience an altered state of

consciousness reported after a close brush with death

often similar to drug-induced hallucinations

Near-Death Experiences

Dualism the presumption that mind and body are two distinct entities that interact

Monism the presumption that mind and body are different aspects of the same thing