Eysenbach: Personal Health Applications and Personal Health Records

Gunther Eysenbach MD MPH

Gunther Eysenbach MD MPH

Associate Professor Department of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto;

Senior Scientist, Centre for Global eHealth Innovation,Division of Medical Decision Making and Health Care Research; Toronto General Research Institute of the UHN, Toronto General Hospital, Canada

Visiting Professor,Faculty of Behavioural SciencesUniversity of Twente, The Netherlands

Track Keynote Presentation: From Patient Needs to

Personal Health Applications

Talk Outline

– An international perspective on the importance of PHR/PHA development & research

– Patient needs (and other drivers of PHR)– Emerging technological trends

• PHR 2.0 – impact of Web 2.0 approaches on our field

www.jmir.org

A shameless plug for the #2 ranked health informatics journal…

Journal of Medical Internet Research (JMIR) [www.jmir.org]

• Now in its 10th publishing year• Independently published • #2/20 ranked journal in medical informatics by ISI journal impact

factor (2.9), #6/57 in health services research• Approx 50.000 readers per month, 20.000 TOC alert subscribers• Open Access (HTML freely accessible), no subscription

necessary to read articles, first OA journal in this field• Article Processing Fee for submitting authors from non-member

institutions• Individual and institutional memberships for value-added services

(PDFs) and article processing fee (APF) waivers• Focus on Internet/web-applications and consumer health

informatics incl. PHRs / Personal Health Applications

Is your department/unit already an institutional member?

A “global” perspective…(?)

Gunther’s World

World Obesity Map

http://www.iaso.org/docs/pdf/review2003.pdfhttp://www.webcitation.org/5VvwTOs3l

World Carbon Emissions Map

World Happiness Map

AHIMA Definition of PHR"The personal health record (PHR) is an

electronic, universally available, lifelong resource of health information needed by individuals to make health decisions. Individuals own and manage the information in the PHR, which comes from the health care provider and the individual. The PHR is maintained in a secure and private environment, with the individual determining the rights of access. The PHR is separate from and does not replace the legal record of the provider.“

AHIMA e-HIM Personal Health Record Work Group. "The Role of the Personal Health Record in the EHR." Journal of AHIMA 76, no.7 (July-August 2005): 64A-D. http://www.webcitation.org/5Vlj7zE7E

PHRs – Markle Definition“"The Personal Health Record (PHR) is an

Internet-based set of tools that allows people to access and coordinate their lifelong health information and make appropriate parts of it available to those who need it. PHRs offer an integrated and comprehensive view of health information, including information people generate themselves such as symptoms and medication use, information from doctors such as diagnoses and test results, and information from their pharmacies and insurance companies. (…) People can use their PHR as a communications hub: to send email to doctors, transfer information to specialists, receive test results and access online self-help tools. "

Markle Foundation (http://www.markle.org/downloadable_assets/final_phwg_report1.pdf http://www.webcitation.org/5Vmpga1nD )

Personal Health Applications• Personal Health Applications (PHA) are tools and

services in medical informatics which utilizes information technologies to aid individuals to create their own personal health information.Personal Health Applications are claimed to be the next generation consumer-centric information system that helps improve health care delivery, self-management and wellness by providing clear and complete information, which increases understanding, competence and awareness. Personal Health Application is now part of the Medicine 2.0 movement.

URL:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_Health_Application. Accessed: 2008-05-29. (Archived by WebCite® at http://www.webcitation.org/5YB9yJgp2)

PHA Platforms

• Google Health• Microsoft Healthvault• Dossia• RWJF Project HealthDesign (?)• Tolven (?)

PHR / PHA Platform

Personal Health Application A(e.g. Web-based behavior change program)

Personal Health Application B(e.g. Web-based behavior change program)

EMR

Medical/ Home care devices

Consumer electronics

Personal Health Records / Personal Health Applications

Domotics

A “global” scan on the state of PHRs internationally

Pubmed search for "personal health record" OR "personal health records" OR "personally controlled health record“

N=142 hits (incl 12 reviews)• 3 from the Netherlands• 2 Australia• 2 Germany• 2 Norway• 1 Canada• 1 Finland• 1 UK• 1 FR• 3 from Belgium (EU)

… the rest from the US !

“Gelbes Untersuchungsheft” – (paper-PHR, Germany)

National Program for IT in the NHS

Paper-based personal health record (Canada)

Ontario:SIMS Partnership Patient Portal

Source: Matt Anderson, CIO SIMS Partnership

Urowitz et al. Is Canada ready for patient accessible electronic health records? A National Scan. BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making (forthcoming)

Canadian Committee for Patient Accessible Electronic Health Records (CCPAEHR)

The Netherlands have more to offer than tulips and

windmills…

Source: Prof Jan Kremerhttp://www.webcitation.org/5XwJY3Wkg http://www.epddag.nl/2007/ppt2007/0pres-j.kremer.pdf

• Create a Health Equalities Commission

• Create a national preventative health agency (akin to “VicHealth”)

• Set-up a regional health partnership (akin to an “ASEAN” model)

• Ensure evidence-based allocation of resources

• Make healthy food choices easy

• Complete rethink of the shape of the health workforce

• Promote better translation of Australia’s research efforts into commercial and health outcomes

• Create a “Healthbook” web-based personal health record (like a Facebook)

http://www.webcitation.org/5YB3bqeB9

Traditional hospital-basedhealth care system

Obesity

Eysenbach G: Consumer health informatics. BMJ 2000;320:1713-16

The importance of behavioral factors and preventive medicine

• More than one third of cancer deaths are attributable to nine modifiable risk factors

• The 9 factors are: 1) smoking, 2) high body mass index, 3) low fruit and vegetable intake, 4) physical inactivity, 5) alcohol use, 6) unsafe sex, 7) urban air pollution, 8) indoor use of solid fuels, and 9) injections from healthcare settings contaminated with hepatitis B or C virus.

Lancet. 2005;366:1784-1793

Copyright ©2006 BMJ Publishing Group Ltd.

Thun, M. J et al. Tob Control 2006;15:345-347http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/15/5/345

Between 1991-2003, cancer mortality decreased by 12%40% of this decrease is attributed to smoking cessation

The importance of behavior change and prevention…

eHealth can support behavior change and prevention

See also JMIR Theme Issue on Web-assisted Tobacco Interventions (forthcoming - 4th quarter /2008)

Promises/Drivers of PHR (1)1. Public health, prevention,

behavior change• PHRs as an entry point for

behavior change programs (e.g. smoking cessation, obesity)

• PHRs as an entry point for customized health recommendations

• PHRs can be used as surveillance tools

Evaluation of Influenza Prevention in the Workplace Using a Personally Controlled Health Record: Randomized Controlled Trial Florence T Bourgeois, William Simons, Karen Olson, John Brownstein, Kenneth Mandl J Med Internet Res 2008 (Mar 14); 10(1):e5

Promises/Drivers of PHR (2)2. Preventing Medical Errors

“The single most important way you can help to prevent errors is to be an active member of your health care team. That means taking part in every decision about your health care. Research shows that patients who are more involved with their care tend to get better results.“ (AHRQ)

PHRs can help to engage patients in their care.

Promises/Drivers of PHR (3)3. Increasing compliance (adherence) and improving outcomes

Transparency ↑ → Trust ↑ Adherence ↑ Outcomes ↑Satisfaction ↑Costs ↓

→ →

Data ↑ Knowledge ↑Self-efficacy ↑Patient-doctor communication ↑Behavior Change ↑

Eysenbach, 2008

→

contextualize

Promises/Drivers of PHR (4)4. Aging population, rise in chronic conditions are major cost drivers

=> PHRs facilitate home care, self-management, informal caregiving

Romanov Comission Interim Report, 2002

• focussing on preventative health care and health promotion, to help keep Australians healthy and out of hospital

Promises/Drivers of PHR (5)5. Research• PHRs may be a particularly valuable to study relationships between health behaviour and outcomes• Obtaining consent (opt-in) for secondary data use requires patient access to their personal health

information

6. PHR foster adoption of EHR• PHRs highlight interoperability problems• Entering of major players into the market (Google, Microsoft) will facilitate adoption of standards• PHRs will result in consumer demand / pressure on the government and health care providers which may in turn foster EHR

adoption

But what drives / motivates consumers + patients?

• Desire to maintain and achieve health• Desire to “organize” their health information• (sometimes) mistrust in the medical system• Desire for autonomy

Healthy Acute Condition Chronic/Severe Condition

Motivation

Adler KGWeb Portals in Primary Care: An Evaluation of Patient Readiness and Willingness to Pay for Online ServicesJ Med Internet Res 2006;8(4):e26<URL: http://www.jmir.org/2006/4/e26/>

Patient motivation is often limited (and short-lived) => Attrition

Eysenbach GThe Law of AttritionJ Med Internet Res 2005;7(1):e11<URL: http://www.jmir.org/2005/1/e11/>

RCT

open

Essential: Needs assessment and usability testing (iterative & ongoing)

• Focus Groups

• Usability lab

• In-depth interviews with stakeholders

Gaps between patient and provider needs / expectations

• Expectations of Patients and Physicians Regarding Patient-Accessible Medical Records Stephen E Ross, MD, Jamie Todd, MS-IV, Laurie A Moore, MPH, Brenda L Beaty, MSPH, Loretta Wittevrongel, Chen-Tan Lin, MD J Med Internet Res 2005 (May 24); 7(2):e13

– “Patients are particularly likely to anticipate that shared records will be empowering (...). Physicians, by contrast, are especially likely to anticipate that laboratory results will confuse patients and that shared records will make patients worry more. “

Gaps between patient and provider needs / expectations

Credits: Selina Brudnicki & Claudette DeLenardo

Gaps between patient and provider needs / expectations

Credits: Selina Brudnicki & Claudette DeLenardo

People will not enter health information to a significant degree…

…(perhaps there are some exceptions)…

…rather, the PHR (or PHA platform) must be populated seamlessly and effortlessly…

Web 2.0(collaborative, data entered by others)

Mobile technologies, SMS

Domotics,Ambient, pervasive computing,Intelligent car

Applications withgeospatial awareness

Electronic Medical Record (Provider)

PHR / PHA Platform

Natural speech interfaces

Personal Monitoring Tools

Sorbi MJ, Mak SB, Houtveen JH, Kleiboer AM, van Doornen LJPMobile Web-Based Monitoring and Coaching: Feasibility in Chronic MigraineJ Med Internet Res 2007;9(5):e38<URL: http://www.jmir.org/2007/5/e38/>

Intelligent spoon

“Since it can be such a hassle to make phone calls every day just to check the status of a remote parent with nothing else to talk about, a system that monitors the life pattern of those parents in a casual manner was invented in response to the needs of family members living apart.”

“I wouldn't want to track (a variable or in general) because tracking would… “

• Not apply to me: (eg, smoking, alcohol drinking, pets) • Not provide new information: (ie, “I already know this”)• Not provide valuable information• Provide too much information (information overload)• Threaten self-image (“would feel criticized”)• Not provide actionable information• Lead to social conflict• Promote obsessive or unhealthy reactions: (“becoming obsessed”) • Force too much structure (“Approaching life too analytically”)• Not be suitable for particular activity or behavior• Be too complicated, error-prone, or disruptive

Beaudin JS, Intille SS, Morris METo Track or Not to Track: User Reactions to Concepts in Longitudinal Health MonitoringJ Med Internet Res 2006;8(4):e29<URL: http://www.jmir.org/2006/4/e29/>

EMR “Tethered” PHR/ PAEHR

“stand-alone” PHRPHR

EMR

Read only

Read+Write/Annotate

PHR

PHR

© Gunther Eysenbach, CC-BYBased on: Tang PC, Ash JS, Bates DW, Overhage JM, Sands DZ.J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2006 Mar-Apr;13(2):121-6

EMR

EMR

PHRDifferent providers

“interconnected” PHR

PHR

PHR

© Gunther Eysenbach, CC-BYBased on: Tang PC, Ash JS, Bates DW, Overhage JM, Sands DZ.J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2006 Mar-Apr;13(2):121-6

Records at Financial institutions Personal Finance Records

© Gunther Eysenbach, CC-BY

From: Tang PC, Ash JS, Bates DW, Overhage JM, Sands DZ.J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2006 Mar-Apr;13(2):121-6

PHR 2.0

(credits: Pablo Rivero)

“the doctor is not an expert in the experience of illness, but in the

identification of it“

. Davidson KP, Pennebaker JW. Virtual narratives: Illness representations in on-line support groups. In: Petrie KJ, Weinman JA, editors. Perceptions of Health and Illness.

Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers; 1997. p. 463-86

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Web20_en.png

Source: http://web2.wsj2.com/

www.medicine20congress.com, Toronto, Sept 4-5th, 2008

Consumer / Patient

Health Professionals Biomedical Researchers

Science 2.0

Peer-review 2.0

PersonalHealthRecord 2.0

VirtualCommunities(peer-to-peer)

ProfessionalCommunities(peer-to-peer)

Health 2.0

Medicine 2.0 (“next generation

medicine”)Full paper will appear as:

Gunther Eysenbach. Medicine 2.0.J Med Internet Res 2008 (in press)

http://dx.doi.org/ 10.2196/jmir.1030 DOI:10.2196/jmir.1030

HealthVault

Google Health

HealthBook

Sermo

WebCite

CiteULikeMDPIXX

WiserWikieDoctr

BioWizardDissect Medicine

E-learning

PLoS One

BMC

JMIR

Wikis

Blogs

RSS

RDF, Semantic Web

Virtual Worlds

Web 2.0 Technologies & Approaches

XML

AJAX

Revolution HealthPatientsLikeMe

PeerClip Connotea

ALIVE

HealthMapcaBIG

Patient data External evidence

General healthinformation

Personal health

information

LiteratureMass MediaInternet

Health RecordRelevant+credibleInformation

Patient

Patient accessible electronic

health records

Medical knowledge

Disintermediation / Apomediation

Physician (health

professionals, librarians) as intermediary

IrrelevantinaccurateIrrelevant

Information

“Apomediaries”

Apomediation defined• “disintermediation” through digital technologies = bypassing the

gatekeeper, role of “human” intermediaries diminishes or changes

• consumers and patients are finding new ways to locate relevant and credible information.

• The agents that replace intermediaries in the digital media context may be called “apomediaries,” – Intermediaries mediate by standing “in between” (inter-) consumers and

the services or information they seek, – Apomediaries “stand by” (apo-) and provide added value from the

outside, steering consumers to relevant and high-quality information without being a requirement to obtain the information or service in the first place (Eysenbach, 2007).

– While the traditional intermediary is the “expert,” apomediaries consist of a broader networked community including peers, experts, parents, teachers, and the like, who are networked in a digital environment, or networked tools (“Web 2.0”).

Eysenbach, http://hdl.handle.net/1807/9906

KnowledgeSelf-efficacyAutonomy

Empowerment -decreased reliance

on experts

Apomediation replacingthe intermediary

Success

FailureIntermediary

reliance on authorities/ experts

Gunther Eysenbach. Credibility of Health Information and Digital Media: New Perspectives and Implications for Youth. In: Miriam J. Metzger & Andrew J. Flanagin (eds.). Digital Media, Youth, and Credibility. MacArthur Foundation Series on

Digital Media and Learning. MIT Press 2007 http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/dmal.9780262562324.123

Dynamic Intermediation/Disintermediation/Apomediation (DIDA) Model (Eysenbach, 2007)

Characteristics of PHR 2.0

“PHR 2.0” have “Web 2.0-esk” design features that enable / facilitate participation, collaboration, openess, and apomediation– Model social relationships between individuals– Open standards– Acknowledge consumers as “prosumers”– Reputation management, collaborative filtering– Ability for consumers to share parts of their health

records with anybody

EMR

EMR

PHRDifferent providers

Health Information is tightly protected

© Gunther Eysenbach, CC-BY

PHR

PHR

People want to SHARE some of their personal information

Meier A, Lyons EJ, Frydman G, Forlenza M, Rimer BKHow Cancer Survivors Provide Support on Cancer-Related Internet Mailing ListsJ Med Internet Res 2007;9(2):e12<URL: http://www.jmir.org/2007/2/e12/>

Another example for sharing personal health information

Yet another example of an individual happy to share his health record…

Social Uses of Personal Health Information Within PatientsLikeMe, an Online Patient Community: What Can Happen When Patients Have Access to One Another’s Data Jeana H Frost, Michael P. Massagli J Med Internet Res 2008 (May 27); 10(3):e15

EMR

EMR PHR

PHR

PHR

Different providers

PHR 2.0

Other peoples’ PHR

© Gunther Eysenbach, CC-BY

Other peoples’ PHR

Other peoples’ PHR

Community

Community

Reduces the burden on health professionals and other intermediaries

TRASocial support

Transparency ↑ → Trust ↑ Adherence ↑ Outcomes ↑Satisfaction ↑Costs ↓

→ →

Data ↑ Knowledge ↑Self-efficacy ↑Patient-doctor communication ↑Behavior Change ↑

→

contextualize

PHR 2.0

What does this all mean for health care / eHealth (1) ?

• Consumer Expectations !– Web 2.0 savvy consumers

will push the envelope – Just providing a institutions-

specific “portal” (or tethered PHR) will not be enough

– the next generation of consumers will quickly demand to be able to do more with their data

– Patients 2.0 will demand full control over their data (as a minimum, XML export, ideally an API!)

What does this all mean for health care / eHealth (2) ?

• Importance of Users / Consumers– Encourage participation – users add value– Trust your users as co-developers– Personal health information entered by users is trustworthy!– Facilitate network effects

• Cooperate, don’t control– Consumers as prosumers (producers of co-information)– Towards decentralized quality control– Peers and Web 2.0 tools (recommender systems, collaborative

filtering etc.) will play a powerful role in filtering quality information (decentralized model of quality control)APOMEDIARIES instead of INTERMEDIARIES

Some research questions around PHR 2.0

• To what degree and under which circumstances can “apomediation” replace “intermediation”

• Will building communities within and around PHRs lead to higher consumer engagement, provide additional motivation to enter information, and to more effective behaviour change?

• Will PHR 2.0 approaches reduce the burden on providers as sole producers of education material, information, and gatekeepers?

www.medicine20congress.com, Toronto, Sept 4-5th, 2008

Thank you!

FundingChange Foundation, Canadian Institutes for Health Research, NSERC, European Union,

SSHRC

Dr G. Eysenbach, Email: geysenba@uhnres.utoronto.ca or @gmail.com,

Journal: www.jmir.org