Exposure to Particulate Matter from Kerosene Lamps James Apple, Ryan Vicente, Andrea Yarberry, Nathan Lohse, Jenny Tracy and Dustin Poppendieck, Ph.D.

Exposure to Particulate Matter from Kerosene Lamps

James Apple, Ryan Vicente, Andrea Yarberry, Nathan Lohse, Jenny Tracy and

Dustin Poppendieck, Ph.D.

Health Issues Associated with Kerosene Lamps

• Burns• Child poisoning due to

inadvertent consumption• Exposure to unburned

fuel• Compromised “visual

health” due to sub-standard luminance

• Indoor air pollution?

Geo Year Book 2006

How bad is indoor air in developing countries?

PM 10 concentration (mg/m3)

Indoor Air – Biomass Stoves 300-3,000

Outdoor Air – Major Cities in Developing Countries

150

USEPA 50

European Union 40

Geo Year Book 2006

• 2 – 2.8 million deaths/year

• ~4% of global mortality

• 1 million childhood deaths/year

• Women: • 2/3 with lung cancer are non-smokers

© Ron Giling Panos Pictures

Indoor Air Particulate Matter Impacts in the Developing World

Particulate Matter Health Impacts

• Acute• Irritation• Increased respiratory

infections (i.e.Tuberculosis)• Bronchitis• Asthma• Allergic reactions

• Chronic• Heart disease• Lung cancer

Particulate Matter Health Impacts

Problem 1

Is the particle mater from kerosene lamps in a size range that is dangerous?

The Experimental Kiosk

Kerosene Lamps

Simple Wick Hurricane Pressure

Cost

Vendor’s Kiosk - Particle Size

Vendor’s Kiosk - 0.02-0.3 micron Particles

1.0E+09

1.0E+10

1.0E+11

1.0E+12

0 20 40 60 80 100

Ult

rafin

e Pa

rticl

e Co

ncen

trati

on (#

/m3 )

Burn Rate (g/hour)

Simple Wick Lamp (Kerosene)

Simple Wick Lamp (Diesel)

Small Hurricane Lamp

Large Hurricane Lamp

Pressure Lamp

Background

1

10

100

1,000

0 20 40 60 80 100

PM 2

.5 C

once

ntra

tion

(mg/

m3 )

Burn Rate (g/hour)

Simple Wick Lamp (Kerosene)

Simple Wick Lamp (Diesel)

Small Hurricane Lamp

Large Hurricane Lamp

Pressure Lamp

24 Hour PM2.5 EPA Standard

Vendor’s Kiosk Burn Rate - PM2.5

Larg

e Hu

rrican

e

Pressu

re

Sim

ple

Wic

k Lam

p

Sm

all H

urrican

e

Kerosene Lamps

Simple Wick Hurricane Pressure

Cost

Particle Emissions

Problem 1: Big Picture

• PM2.5 health standards can be exceeded by an order of magnitude in homes using kerosene lamps

• Migration to improved lighting sources reduces exposure to particulate matter– Simple Wick => Hurricane => LED lights

PM2.5 Ultrafines

Problem 2

What is the relative contribution to particulate matter inhalation if you use both a kerosene light and fuel based cook stove?

6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 -

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

Simple Wick LampLinear (Simple Wick Lamp)

Burn Rate (mg/hr)

PM

2.5

Em

issi

on

Rat

e (m

g/h

r)Emission Rates

PM2.5 Concentrations Women and Children are Exposed to in Kenyan Homes

Particulate Mass Inhaled

Ambient Air Simple Wick Lamps

Cook Stoves

ug/day 302.686567164179 1560 9639.40298507462

1,000

3,000

5,000

7,000

9,000

11,000

Par

ticu

late

Mas

s In

hal

ed

(mg

/day

)

Take Home Message:

• Cook Stoves– 10th Global Disease Burden

• Intake of Particulate Matter from Simple Wick Lamps– ~5 times less than cook stoves– ~5 times more than ambient

air

• Likely ancillary health benefits from transition to LED lighting

Ambient Air; 3%

Simple

Wick Lamps;

14%

Cook Stoves;

86%

Health Issues Associated with Kerosene Lamps

• Burns• Child poisoning due to

inadvertent consumption• Exposure to unburned

fuel• compromised “visual

health” due to sub-standard luminance

• Indoor air pollution

Bottom Line:

• Indoor air pollution – Impacting health

• Marketing LED Lamps– Fewer respiratory health

issues for consumer if NOT using fuel based cook stove

• Impacting countries GDP?– Subsidies? – Economic Incentives?

Problem 3

• ~1.6 billion people

• ~1.5% of the world’s crude oil– 38-77 billion liters of

Kerosene

Do kerosene lamps contribute a measureable amount to global warming?

What about Global Warming?

• After carbon dioxide what do we care about?– Methane– Black Carbon

• Removed in weeks rather than decades

5.2//,5.2, PMBCtotaloutsideHurricnePMhurricanemasshurricaneemitted FFEFFFuelBC

Global Warming and Black Carbon Emissions

• 0.04- 0.33 Tg/year. – Global: 8 Tg/year – ~ 2 Tg/year by

residential solid fuel burning

• 0.5-4% of the global black carbon

6.0 8.0 10.012.014.016.018.020.022.024.00.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

Simple Wick LampLinear (Simple Wick Lamp)Small Hurricane Lamp

Burn Rate (mg/hr)

PM

2.5

Em

iss

ion

Fa

cto

r (g

/kg

)

Thank You Students!

What about Global Warming

5.2//,5.2, PMBCtotaloutsideHurricanePMhurricanemasshurricaneemitted FFEFFFuelBC

Fuelmass = 38 – 63 billion gallons kerosene burned per year

Fhurricane = 0.3-0.7

EFPM2.5/Hurricane = Experiments

Foutside/total= 0.7-1.0

FBC/PM2.5 = 0.95

CCV

EC

dt

dCo