Exposure to Particulate Matter from Kerosene Lamps James Apple, Ryan Vicente, Andrea Yarberry, Nathan Lohse, Jenny Tracy and Dustin Poppendieck, Ph.D.
Mar 31, 2015
Exposure to Particulate Matter from Kerosene Lamps
James Apple, Ryan Vicente, Andrea Yarberry, Nathan Lohse, Jenny Tracy and
Dustin Poppendieck, Ph.D.
Health Issues Associated with Kerosene Lamps
• Burns• Child poisoning due to
inadvertent consumption• Exposure to unburned
fuel• Compromised “visual
health” due to sub-standard luminance
• Indoor air pollution?
Geo Year Book 2006
How bad is indoor air in developing countries?
PM 10 concentration (mg/m3)
Indoor Air – Biomass Stoves 300-3,000
Outdoor Air – Major Cities in Developing Countries
150
USEPA 50
European Union 40
Geo Year Book 2006
• 2 – 2.8 million deaths/year
• ~4% of global mortality
• 1 million childhood deaths/year
• Women: • 2/3 with lung cancer are non-smokers
© Ron Giling Panos Pictures
Indoor Air Particulate Matter Impacts in the Developing World
Particulate Matter Health Impacts
• Acute• Irritation• Increased respiratory
infections (i.e.Tuberculosis)• Bronchitis• Asthma• Allergic reactions
• Chronic• Heart disease• Lung cancer
Particulate Matter Health Impacts
Problem 1
Is the particle mater from kerosene lamps in a size range that is dangerous?
The Experimental Kiosk
Kerosene Lamps
Simple Wick Hurricane Pressure
Cost
Vendor’s Kiosk - Particle Size
Vendor’s Kiosk - 0.02-0.3 micron Particles
1.0E+09
1.0E+10
1.0E+11
1.0E+12
0 20 40 60 80 100
Ult
rafin
e Pa
rticl
e Co
ncen
trati
on (#
/m3 )
Burn Rate (g/hour)
Simple Wick Lamp (Kerosene)
Simple Wick Lamp (Diesel)
Small Hurricane Lamp
Large Hurricane Lamp
Pressure Lamp
Background
1
10
100
1,000
0 20 40 60 80 100
PM 2
.5 C
once
ntra
tion
(mg/
m3 )
Burn Rate (g/hour)
Simple Wick Lamp (Kerosene)
Simple Wick Lamp (Diesel)
Small Hurricane Lamp
Large Hurricane Lamp
Pressure Lamp
24 Hour PM2.5 EPA Standard
Vendor’s Kiosk Burn Rate - PM2.5
Larg
e Hu
rrican
e
Pressu
re
Sim
ple
Wic
k Lam
p
Sm
all H
urrican
e
Kerosene Lamps
Simple Wick Hurricane Pressure
Cost
Particle Emissions
Problem 1: Big Picture
• PM2.5 health standards can be exceeded by an order of magnitude in homes using kerosene lamps
• Migration to improved lighting sources reduces exposure to particulate matter– Simple Wick => Hurricane => LED lights
PM2.5 Ultrafines
Problem 2
What is the relative contribution to particulate matter inhalation if you use both a kerosene light and fuel based cook stove?
6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 -
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
Simple Wick LampLinear (Simple Wick Lamp)
Burn Rate (mg/hr)
PM
2.5
Em
issi
on
Rat
e (m
g/h
r)Emission Rates
PM2.5 Concentrations Women and Children are Exposed to in Kenyan Homes
Particulate Mass Inhaled
Ambient Air Simple Wick Lamps
Cook Stoves
ug/day 302.686567164179 1560 9639.40298507462
1,000
3,000
5,000
7,000
9,000
11,000
Par
ticu
late
Mas
s In
hal
ed
(mg
/day
)
Take Home Message:
• Cook Stoves– 10th Global Disease Burden
• Intake of Particulate Matter from Simple Wick Lamps– ~5 times less than cook stoves– ~5 times more than ambient
air
• Likely ancillary health benefits from transition to LED lighting
Ambient Air; 3%
Simple
Wick Lamps;
14%
Cook Stoves;
86%
Health Issues Associated with Kerosene Lamps
• Burns• Child poisoning due to
inadvertent consumption• Exposure to unburned
fuel• compromised “visual
health” due to sub-standard luminance
• Indoor air pollution
Bottom Line:
• Indoor air pollution – Impacting health
• Marketing LED Lamps– Fewer respiratory health
issues for consumer if NOT using fuel based cook stove
• Impacting countries GDP?– Subsidies? – Economic Incentives?
Problem 3
• ~1.6 billion people
• ~1.5% of the world’s crude oil– 38-77 billion liters of
Kerosene
Do kerosene lamps contribute a measureable amount to global warming?
What about Global Warming?
• After carbon dioxide what do we care about?– Methane– Black Carbon
• Removed in weeks rather than decades
5.2//,5.2, PMBCtotaloutsideHurricnePMhurricanemasshurricaneemitted FFEFFFuelBC
Global Warming and Black Carbon Emissions
• 0.04- 0.33 Tg/year. – Global: 8 Tg/year – ~ 2 Tg/year by
residential solid fuel burning
• 0.5-4% of the global black carbon
6.0 8.0 10.012.014.016.018.020.022.024.00.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
Simple Wick LampLinear (Simple Wick Lamp)Small Hurricane Lamp
Burn Rate (mg/hr)
PM
2.5
Em
iss
ion
Fa
cto
r (g
/kg
)
Thank You Students!
What about Global Warming
5.2//,5.2, PMBCtotaloutsideHurricanePMhurricanemasshurricaneemitted FFEFFFuelBC
Fuelmass = 38 – 63 billion gallons kerosene burned per year
Fhurricane = 0.3-0.7
EFPM2.5/Hurricane = Experiments
Foutside/total= 0.7-1.0
FBC/PM2.5 = 0.95
CCV
EC
dt
dCo