Europe in 1919 Rise of Russian Socialism 1898 – Social Democratic Workers’ party formed – Vladamir Lenin leader Three basic alterations to Marxism:
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Europe in 1919Europe in 1919
Rise of Russian SocialismRise of Russian Socialism• 1898 – Social Democratic Workers’ party formed –
Vladamir Lenin leader• Three basic alterations to Marxism:
– Capitalism could only be destroyed by violent revolution– Socialist revolutions were possible in even relatively
backward nations like Russia– High disciplined workers’ party controlled by intellectuals
and full-time revolutionaries
• 1903 – Social Democrats split into two groups– Mensheviks – evolutionary change vs.– Bolsheviks – followers of Lenin
• 1905 – Lenin and Trotsky (in exile) plan next revolt
The February Revolt (1917)
• Causes:– Poor showing in Russo-Japanese War
reduced credibility– Failure to carryout promised reforms of
October Manifesto– Terrible economic and human costs of World
War I• Massive food shortages in urban areas, especially
Petrograd
Mass strike in Petrograd, February 1917
Abdication and Provisional Government
• Nicholas II abdicated throne on March 15• Duma declared provisional government on
March 12, 1917– Consisted of constitutional democrats and
liberals (favored continuation of war)
• Petrograd controlled by Soviet which consisted of workers and soldiers– Controlled by Mensheviks; initially favored
cooperation with Provisional Government
Alexander Kerensky (in white) led provisional government in 1917 gave Provisional Government temporary legitimacy yet rejected idea of outright revolution. Anarchy erupted under his watch.
Petrograd protest after provisional government troops fire on crowd, July 1917
The October RevolutionThe October Revolution
• Lenin returned to Russia in April 1917 with assistance of Germans
• April Theses – Lenin rejected any cooperation with bourgeois provisional government– Called for a socialist revolution with nationalization of
banks and landed estates– “All power to the Soviets”, “ All land to the peasants”
• Lenin forced to flee to Finland but maintained leadership; Bolsheviks gain majority in Petrograd Soviet by summer of 1917
• October 25 – Trotsky led the Soviet overthrow and arrest of Provisional government
• Secret police, Cheka, created in December to eliminated opponents
• Elections for Constituent Assembly in January
• Bolsheviks received 28% of votes
• Red Army used to take control
•Bolsheviks renamed Communist Party
Bolsheviks charge the Winter Palace, October 1917
Lenin’s ReformsLenin’s Reforms• Lenin gave land to peasants• Individual factories controlled
by committees of workers• Treaty of Brest-Litovsk –
immediate end to war• Capital moved from Petrograd
to Moscow• Trotsky reorganized army• These actions resulted in
great resistance and caused Civil War
Russian Civil War (1918-1920)Russian Civil War (1918-1920)• Reds (Bolsheviks) vs. Whites (old army and 18
groups claiming legitimacy)– Allies sent troops to help Whites; hoped Russia would rejoin the
war• Russian communists would never forget they were invaded by the
U.S. and their Allies
• War Communism – earliest form of socialism in Soviet Union– Declared all land nationalized– State took control of heavy industry and ended private trade– Secret police used to suppress opponents
• Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) formed 1922
From the German Point of View
From the German Point of View Lost—but not forgotten country.
Into the heart You are to dig yourself these words as into stone: Which we have lost may not be truly lost!
The “Stabbed-in-the-Back” Theory
The “Stabbed-in-the-Back” Theory
Disgruntled German WWI veteransDisgruntled German WWI veterans
Maimed German WW I VeteranMaimed German WW I Veteran
German “Revolutions” [1918]German “Revolutions” [1918]
German FreikorpsGerman Freikorps
Sparticist PosterSparticist Poster
The Spartacist LeagueThe Spartacist League
Rosa Luxemburg[1870-1919]
murdered by the Freikorps
Rosa Luxemburg[1870-1919]
murdered by the Freikorps
Friedrich Ebert:First President of the Weimar
Republic
Friedrich Ebert:First President of the Weimar
Republic
The German Government: 1919-1920
The German Government: 1919-1920
The GermanMark
The GermanMark
The French in the
Ruhr: 1923
The French in the
Ruhr: 1923
The French Occupation of the Ruhr
The French Occupation of the Ruhr
The Beer Hall Putsch: 1923The Beer Hall Putsch: 1923
The Beer Hall Putsch Idealized
The Beer Hall Putsch Idealized
Hitler in Landesberg PrisonHitler in Landesberg Prison
Mein Kampf [My Struggle]Mein Kampf [My Struggle]
European Debts to the United States
European Debts to the United States
The Dawes Plan (1924)The Dawes Plan (1924)
The Young Plan (1930)The Young Plan (1930)
For three generations, you’ll have to slave away!
$26,350,000,000 to be paid over a period of 58½ years.
For three generations, you’ll have to slave away!
$26,350,000,000 to be paid over a period of 58½ years.
Weimar Germany: Political Representation
[1920-1933]
Weimar Germany: Political Representation
[1920-1933]
Political Parties in the Reichstag
May 1924
Dec. 1924
May1928
Sep.1930
July1932
Nov.1932
Mar.1933
Communist Party (KPD)
62 45 54 77 89 100 81
Social Democratic Party (SDP)
100 131 153 143 133 121 120
Catholic Centre Party (BVP)
81 88 78 87 97 90 93
Nationalist Party (DNVP)
95 103 73 41 37 52 52
Nazi Party (NSDAP)
32 14 12 107 230 196 288
Other Parties
102 112 121 122 22 35 23
Benito Mussolini [1883-1945]
Benito Mussolini [1883-1945]
Background• Began as a socialist revolutionary but turns
against liberalism and tries to win over conservatives
• Fails to create a true totalitarian state
• Italy was liberal: male sufferage/parlia.
• Social divide…many poor
• Catholics and conservatives oppose liberal policies
Italian FascesItalian Fasces
More Mussolini
• Violently anti-democratic (expelled from the Socialist Party…supported allies)
• Organized bitter war vets (fascists)
• Blends nationalist/socialist– Expansion, worker benefits
• Turns against socialism to gain major support
• BS attacked/bullied socialists and destroyed opposition property
March on Rome [1922]March on Rome [1922]
-Demanded the resignation of the current government & to be appointed king.-Fascists/Black Shirts march to scare the king…VE3 agrees to his anti-liberalism and allows him a cabinet and dictatorial powers for one year.
Fascist YouthFascist Youth
Other programs/actions• Revokes freedom of the press and fixes
elections• Arrested political opponents, disbanded
unions, controlled schools– Taxed bachelors and limited women– Created fascist unions, schools…
• “Everything in the state, nothing outside the state, nothing against the state”
• NOT: overtly racist or anti-semitic, a police state, a murdering madman, a successful totalitarian leader
Lateran Treaty [1929]Lateran Treaty [1929]
-Recognized the Papacy and created Vatican City-Heavy financial support to the Church-Pope urges Catholics to support Mussolini
Ramsay MacDonald: 1924, 1929
Ramsay MacDonald: 1924, 1929
Labour PartyLabour Party
Stanley BaldwinStanley Baldwin
Conservative PartyConservative Party
1926 General Strike1926 General Strike
Trades Disputes Act (1927):
All general or sympathy strikes were illegal.
It forbade unions from raising money for political purposes.
Trades Disputes Act (1927):
All general or sympathy strikes were illegal.
It forbade unions from raising money for political purposes.
Raymond Poincaré & the Conservative Right
Raymond Poincaré & the Conservative Right He sent French troops into the
Ruhr in 1923.
Pushed for large-scale infrastructure reconstruction programs [counting on German reparations to pay for them].
After 1926-29:
• New taxes & tightened tax collections.
• Drastic decline in govt. spending that stabilized the franc [the threat of runaway inflation was avoided!]
He sent French troops into the Ruhr in 1923.
Pushed for large-scale infrastructure reconstruction programs [counting on German reparations to pay for them].
After 1926-29:
• New taxes & tightened tax collections.
• Drastic decline in govt. spending that stabilized the franc [the threat of runaway inflation was avoided!]
Edouard Herriot & the French
Socialists
Edouard Herriot & the French
Socialists 1924-1926.
Progressive social reform.
Spoke for the lower classes, small businessmen, and farmers.
Committed to private enterprise and private property.
Fervently anti-clerical.
1924-1926.
Progressive social reform.
Spoke for the lower classes, small businessmen, and farmers.
Committed to private enterprise and private property.
Fervently anti-clerical.
League of Nations MembersLeague of Nations Members
Washington Naval Conference[1921-1922]
Washington Naval Conference[1921-1922]
U. S. Britain Japan France Italy 5 5 3 1.67 1.67U. S. Britain Japan France Italy 5 5 3 1.67 1.67
The Maginot Line
The Maginot Line
Locarno Pact: 1925Locarno Pact: 1925
Locarno Pact: 1925Locarno Pact: 1925
GustaveStresemann(Ger.)
GustaveStresemann(Ger.)Aristide
Briand(Fr.)
AristideBriand
(Fr.)
Austin Chamberlain (Br.)Austin Chamberlain (Br.)
Guaranteed the common boundaries of Belgium, France, and Germany as specified in the Treaty of Versailles of 1919.
Germany signed treaties with Poland and Czechoslovakia, agreeing to change the eastern borders of Germany by arbitration only.
Guaranteed the common boundaries of Belgium, France, and Germany as specified in the Treaty of Versailles of 1919.
Germany signed treaties with Poland and Czechoslovakia, agreeing to change the eastern borders of Germany by arbitration only.
Kellogg-Briand Pact: 1928Kellogg-Briand Pact: 1928
15 nations committed to outlawing aggression and war for settling disputes.
Problem no way of enforcement.
15 nations committed to outlawing aggression and war for settling disputes.
Problem no way of enforcement.
George Grosz
Grey Day
(1921)
George Grosz
Grey Day
(1921)
DaDa
George Grosz
The Pillars of Society
(1926)
George Grosz
The Pillars of Society
(1926)
DaDa
Picasso Studio with Plaster Head [1925]
Picasso Studio with Plaster Head [1925]
Cubism
Georges Braque Still Life LeJeur [1929]
Georges Braque Still Life LeJeur [1929]
Cubism
Walter Gropius Bauhaus Bldg. [1928]
Walter Gropius Bauhaus Bldg. [1928]
Bauhaus
The Great Depression [1929-1941]
The Great Depression [1929-1941]
Paris in 1930Paris in 1930
London in 1930London in 1930
German Unemployment: 1929-1938
German Unemployment: 1929-1938
The Great Depression [1929-1941]
The Great Depression [1929-1941]
Decrease in World Trade: 1929-1932
Decrease in World Trade: 1929-1932
The “New Napoleons?”The “New Napoleons?”
Hitler
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