EUROPE. Diversity Amid Globalization, 4th edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, and Wyckoff2 Setting the Boundaries 40 countries ranging from large states.

EUROPE

Diversity Amid Globalization, 4th

edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, and

Wyckoff 2

Setting the Boundaries

40 countries ranging from large states (e.g., Germany) to microstates (e.g., Andorra)

Relatively small region; Densely settled

Shared history amidst cultural diversity

MAJOR GEOGRAPHIC QUALITIES

Western extremity of Eurasia Lingering world influence High degrees of specialization Manufacturing dominance Numerous nation-states Urbanized population High standards of living

Diversity Amid Globalization, 4th edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price,

and Wyckoff4

Europe

Figure 8.1

Arctic Norway

Diversity Amid Globalization, 4th

edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, and

Wyckoff 5

Size and Location

Figure 8.3

Diversity Amid Globalization, 4th edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price,

and Wyckoff6

Landform Regions

European Lowlands

Alpine Mountain System

Central Uplands

Western Highlands

Figure 8.5

Figure 8.6

PHYSICALLANDSCAPES

• Alpine System

• Western Uplands

• Central Uplands

• North European Lowland

Diversity Amid Globalization, 4th edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price,

and Wyckoff8

Climate

Figure 8.7

Although along the same line of latitude as northern Canada, Europe has much milder climates. What accounts for this difference?

Diversity Amid Globalization, 4th

edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, and

Wyckoff 9

Figure 8.9

Environmental Issues – Overview

How does the pattern of acid rain damage correspond with Figure 8.37?

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edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, and

Wyckoff 10

Environmental Issues

Figure 8.11

Figure 8.10

Acid Rain in Bohemia

Toxic Landscape in Romania

Changing Environments

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Figure 8.13

Wind Farm in Denmark

Restoring Heath in England

RELATIVE LOCATION

• At the heart of the land hemisphere

• Maximum efficiency for contact with the rest of the world

• Every part of Europe is close to the sea.

• Navigable waterways

• Moderate distances

RELATIVE LOCATION

AGRARIAN REVOLUTION

Began in Europe in the 1750s Based on new agricultural innovations Enabled increased food production Enabled sustained population increase

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

Developed in the UK between 1750-1850 Evolved from technical innovations that occurred

in British industry Proved to be a major catalyst towards

increased urbanization Produced a distinct spatial pattern in Europe

POLITICAL REVOLUTION

END TO THE RULE OF MONARCHIES CENTRIPETAL FORCES CENTRIFUGAL FORCES EMERGENCE OF NATION STATES

Particular peoples and particular places concentrating on the production of particular goods

Roman Empire– Parts of North Africa - granaries– Elba produced iron ore.– Southern Spain mined and exported silver and lead.

AREAL FUNCTIONAL SPECIALIZATION

Particular peoples and particular places concentrating on the production of particular goods

Roman Empire– Parts of North Africa - granaries– Elba produced iron ore.– Southern Spain mined and exported silver and lead.

AREAL FUNCTIONAL SPECIALIZATION

Movement across geographic space

Involves contact of people in two or more places for the purposes of exchanging goods or ideas

Principles

– Complementarity

– Transferability

– Intervening opportunity

SPATIAL INTERACTION

Two places, through an exchange of goods, can specifically satisfy each other’s demands.

One area has a surplus of an item demanded by a second area.

Germany

Italy

COMPLEMENTARITY

COMPLEMENTARITY

• The ease with which a commodity may be transported or the capacity to move a good at a bearable cost

• Rivers, mountain passes, road networks

• Advances in transportation technology

TRANSFERABILITY

The presence of a nearer source of supply

or opportunity that acts to diminish the attractiveness of more distant sources and sites

Would Austrian beerbe cheaper to import

into Italy?

INTERVENING OPPORTUNITY

POPULATION DENSITY

Population Density: 256 persons per square mileUrbanization: 73%

EUROPE

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Population and Settlement

Figure 8.14

Diversity Amid Globalization, 4th

edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, and

Wyckoff 26

Demographic Trends

- Slow or Negative RNI

- High Densities

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Linguistic Diversity

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Religious Diversity

Tensions in Northern Ireland

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Wyckoff 29

Migration

Figure 8.15

How has migrationinfluenced Europe ?

• Falling share of the world’s population

• Fertility at an all-time low

• Fewer young people

• Smaller working age population

• Boom & bust age-dependent

• Immigration partially offsetting losses

EUROPE’SIMPLOSION POPULATION

URBAN TRADITION

Urbanization Related concepts

– Primate city– Metropolis– CBD

A country’s largest city

Jefferson’s criteria:

- Always disproportionately larger than the second largest urban center -- more than twice the size

- Especially expressive of the national culture

- Usually (but not always) the capital

Examples: Paris, London, Athens

PRIMATE CITIES

EUROPEAN versus AMERICAN CITIES

Similarities:•Central core•Suburban ring

Differences:•High suburban density•Apartments•Public transportation•Land scarcity•Centralized urban planning

EUROPEAN versus AMERICAN CITIES

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Historical Cityscapes

Medieval

Renaissance-Baroque

Industrial

Figure 8.18

Aerial View of Central Paris

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Geopolitical Change

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Europe—East and West

Iron Curtain

Cold War

Buffer Zone

Figure 8.31

Figure 8.4.2

The “Wall Zone” in Berlin

Former East Germany

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Geopolitical Framework

Figure 8.29Figure 8.5.1

Terrorism in Madrid

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The EU and

Economic Integration

Figure 8.38

KEY CONCEPTS

BALKANIZATIONIRREDENTISMETHNIC CLEANSING

BALKANIZATION

FROM THE VERB BALKANIZE, WHICH MEANS TO BREAK UP (AS IN A REGION) INTO SMALLER AND OFTEN HOSTILE UNITS

ORIGINATES FROM A MOUNTAIN RANGE IN BULGARIA

APPLIED TO THE SOUTHERN HALF OF EASTERN EUROPE, i.e., THE BALKAN COUNTRIES OF THE BALKAN PENINSULA

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Europe—The Balkans

In what ways have ethnicity and religion intersected here?

Kosovar Refugees Figure 8.34

UNDERLYING FORCES

CENTRIFUGAL FORCES– REFER TO FORCES THAT TEND TO DIVIDE A

COUNTRY RELIGIOUS, LINGUISTIC, ETHNIC, OR IDEOLOGICAL

DIFFERENCES

CENTRIPETAL FORCES– FORCES THAT UNITE AND BIND A COUNTRY

TOGETHER A STRONG NATIONAL CULTURE, SHARED

IDEOLOGICAL OBJECTIVES, AND A COMMON FAITH

IRREDENTISM

A POLICY OF POLITICAL EXPANSION AIMED AT A NATIONAL GROUP LIVING IN A NEIGHBORING COUNTRY

BA

A

RIVER & BORDER

COUNTRIES

MINORITYPOPULATION

BORDERADJUSTMENT

ETHNIC CLEANSING

REFERS TO THE FORCIBLE OUSTER OF ENTIRE POPULATIONS FROM THEIR HOMELANDS BY A STRONGER POWER

AB

A

COUNTRIES

BORDER

MINORITYPOPULATION

EUROPE