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ME13A: ENGINEERING
STATICS
COURSEINTRODUCTION
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Details of Lecturer
Course Lecturer : Dr. E.I. Ekwue
Room Number : 216 Main Block,Faculty of Engineering
Email: ekwue@eng.uwi.tt ,
Tel. No. : 662 2002 Extension 3171
Office Hours: 9 a.m. to 12 Noon. (Tue,Wed and Friday)
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COURSE GOALS
This course has two specific goals:
(i) To introduce students to basicconcepts of force, couples and
moments in two and three dimensions.
(ii) To develop analytical skills relevant
to the areas mentioned in (i) above.
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COURSE OBJECTIVES
Upon successful completion of this course, students
should be able to:
) Determine the resultant of coplanar and space forcesystems.
(ii) Determine the centroid and center of mass ofplane areas and volumes.
(iii) Distinguish between concurrent, coplanar andspace force systems
(iv) Draw free body diagrams.
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COURSE OBJECTIVES CONTD.
(v) Analyze the reactions and pin forcesinduces in coplanar and space systemsusing equilibrium equations and free bodydiagrams.
(vi) Determine friction forces and theirinfluence upon the equilibrium of a system.
(vii) Apply sound analytical techniques andlogical procedures in the solution ofengineering problems.
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Course Content
(i) Introduction, Forces in a plane, Forces in
space (ii) Statics of Rigid bodies
(iii) Equilibrium of Rigid bodies (2 and 3
dimensions)(iv) Centroids and Centres of gravity
(v) Moments of inertia of areas and masses
(vi) Analysis of structures (Trusses, Frames
and Machines)
(vii) Forces in Beams
(viii)Friction
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Teaching Strategies
The course will be taught via
Lectures and Tutorial Sessions,
the tutorial being designed to
complement and enhance boththe lectures and the students
appreciation of the subject.
Course work assignments will
be reviewed with the students.
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Course Textbook and Lecture Times
Vector Mechanics For Engineers By F.P.
Beer and E.R. Johnston (Third MetricEdition), McGraw-Hill.
Lectures: Wednesday, 1.00 to 1.50 p.m.
Thursday , 10.10 to 11.00 a.m.
Tutorials: Monday, 1.00 to 4.00 p.m. [Once in
Two Weeks]
Attendance at Lectures and Tutorials is Compulsory
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Tutorial OutlineChapter 2 – STATICS OF PARTICLES
2.39*, 41, 42*, 55, 85*, 86, 93*, 95, 99*, 104, 107*, 113
Chapter 3 –
RIGID BODIES: EQUIVALENT SYSTEM OF FORCES
3.1*, 4, 7*, 21, 24*, 38, 37*, 47, 48*, 49, 70*, 71, 94*, 96, 148*, 155
Chapter 4 – EQUILIBRIUM OF RIGID BODIES
4.4*, 5, 9*, 12, 15*, 20, 21*, 31, 61*, 65, 67*, 93, 115*
Chapters 5 and 9 –
CENTROIDS AND CENTRES OF GRAVITY, MOMENTS OFINERTIA
5.1*, 5, 7*, 21, 41*, 42, 43*, 45, 75*, 77 9.1*, 2, 10*, 13, 31*, 43, 44*
Chapter 6 – ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES
6.1*, 2, 6*, 9, 43*, 45, 75*, 87, 88*, 95, 122*, 152, 166*, 169
Chapters 7 and 8 – FORCES IN BEAMS AND FRICTION
7.30 , 35, 36, 81, 85 8.25, 21, 65
* For Chapters 1 to 6 and 9, two groups will do the problems in asterisks; the other twogroups will do the other ones. All the groups will solve all the questions in Chapters 7
and 8.
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Time-Table For Tutorials/Labs
MONDAY 1:00 - 4:00 P.M.
WeekGroup
1,5,9 2,6,10 3,7,11, 4,8,12
K - ME13A ME16A(3,7)
ME13A
L ME13A - ME13A ME16A(4,8)
M ME16A(5,9)
ME13A - ME13A
N ME13A ME16A(6,10)
ME13A -
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ourse ssessmen
(i) One (1) mid-semester test, 1-hour
duration counting for 20% of the total
course.
(ii) One (1) End-of-semester
examination, 2 hours duration counting
for 80% of the total course marks.
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ME13A: ENGINEERING
STATICS
CHAPTER ONE:INTRODUCTION
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1.1 MECHANICS
Body of Knowledge which
Deals with the Study andPrediction of the State of Rest
or Motion of Particles and
Bodies under the action of
Forces
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PARTS OF MECHANICS
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1.2 STATICS
Statics Deals With the Equilibriumof Bodies, That Is Those That Are
Either at Rest or Move With aConstant Velocity.
Dynamics Is Concerned With the
Accelerated Motion of Bodies andWill Be Dealt in the NextSemester.
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ME13A: ENGINEERING
STATICS
CHAPTER TWO:STATICS OF
PARTICLES
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A particle has a mass but a size that can
be neglected.
When a body is idealised as a particle,
the principles of mechanics reduce to a
simplified form, since the geometry of
the body will not be concerned in theanalysis of the problem.
2.1 PARTICLE
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PARTICLE CONTINUED
All the forces acting on a
body will be assumed to beapplied at the same point,
that is the forces are
assumed concurrent.
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2.2 FORCE ON A PARTICLE
A Force is a Vector quantity and must
have Magnitude, Direction and Point of
action.
F
P
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Force on a Particle Contd.
Note: Point P is the point of action of
force and and are directions. To
notify that F is a vector, it is printed inbold as in the text book.
Its magnitude is denoted as |F| or
simply F.
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Force on a Particle Contd.
There can be many forces acting on aparticle.
The resultant of a system of forceson a particle is the single force
which has the same effect as the
system of forces. The resultant oftwo forces can be found using the
paralleolegram law.
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2.2.VECTOR OPERATIONS
2.3.1 EQUAL VECTORS
Two vectors are equal if they are equal
in magnitude and act in the same
direction. pP
Q
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Equal Vectors Contd.
Forces equal in Magnitude can act inopposite Directions
S
R
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Q
P
R
2.3.2 Vector Addition
Using the Paralleologram Law, Construct aParm. with two Forces as Parts. The
resultant of the forces is the diagonal.
Vector Addition Contd
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Vector Addition Contd.
Triangle Rule: Draw the first Vector. Join
the tail of the Second to the head of the
First and then join the head of the third to
the tail of the first force to get the resultant
force, R
Q
PR = Q + P
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Triangle Rule Contd.
Also:
PQ
R = P + Q
Q + P = P + Q. This is the cummutative law of
vector addition
l l
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Polygon Rule
Can be used for the addition of more
than two vectors. Two vectors are
actually summed and added to thethird.
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Polygon Rule contd.
P
QS
P
Q
S
R
R = P + Q + S
(P + Q)
P l R l C d
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Polygon Rule Contd.
P + Q = (P + Q) ………. Triangle Rule
i.e. P + Q + S = (P + Q) + S = R
The method of drawing the vectors is
immaterial . The following method can
be used.
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Polygon Rule contd.
P
QS
P
Q
S
R
R = P + Q + S
(Q + S)
P l R l C l d d
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Polygon Rule Concluded
Q + S = (Q + S) ……. Triangle Rule
P + Q + S = P + (Q + S) = R
i.e. P + Q + S = (P + Q) + S = P + (Q + S)
This is the associative Law of Vector
Addition
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2.4 Resolution of Forces
It has been shown that theresultant of forces acting at the
same point (concurrent forces) canbe found.
In the same way, a given force, F
can be resolved into components. There are two major cases.
R l ti f F C 1
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Resolution of Forces: Case 1
(a) When one of the two components, P isknown: The second component Q is
obtained using the triangle rule. Join the tipof P to the tip of F. The magnitude anddirection of Q are determined graphically orby trignometry.
F
PQ
i.e. F = P + Q
l i f
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Resolution of Forces: Case 2
(b) When the line of action of each component is known: The force, F can be
resolved into two components having lines of action along lines ‘a’ and ‘b’ using the
paralleogram law. From the head of F, extend a line parallel to ‘a’ until it intersects ‘b’.
Likewise, a line parallel to ‘b’ is drawn from the head of F to the point of intersection with
‘a’. The two components P and Q are then drawn such that they extend from the tail of
F to points of intersection.
a
Q F
P b
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S l ti
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Solution
Solution: A parm. with sides equal to 900 N and 600 N is drawn to scale as shown.
The magnitude and direction of the resultant can be found by drawing to scale.
600 N R
15o 900 N
45o 30o
The triangle rule may also be used. Join the forces in a tip to tail fashion and
measure the magnitude and direction of the resultant.
600 N
R 45o
135o C
B 30o 900 N
900N600N
30o45o
T i t i S l ti
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Trignometric Solution
Using the cosine law:
R2 = 9002 + 6002 - 2 x 900 x 600 cos 1350
R = 1390.6 = 1391 N
Using the sine law:
R
Bi e B
The angle of the resul t
sin sin. . sin
sin
.tan . .
135
600 600 135
1391
17 830 17 8 47 8
1
ie. R = 139N
47.8o
R
900 N
600N
135o
30o
B
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Solution
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Solution
Solution: Using Triangle rule:
75o 30 kN
20 kN 105o
25o
Q
R
R2 = 302 + 202 - 2 x 30 x 20 cos 1050 - cosine law
R = 40.13 N
Using sine rule:
4013
105
20 20 105
401328 8
28 8 25 3 8
401 3 8
1. sin
..
. .
. . , .
N
Sin Sinand Sin
Angle R
i e R N
o
oo
o o o
o
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2.5 RECTANGULAR
COMPONENTS OF FORCE
x
F
j
iFx = Fx i
Fy = Fy j
y
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RECTANGULAR COMPONENTS
OF FORCE CONTD.
While the scalars, Fx and Fy may be positive or negative, depending on the sense of Fx
and Fy, their absolute values are respectively equal to the magnitudes of the component
forces Fx and Fy,
Scalar components of F have magnitudes:
Fx = F cos
and Fy = F sin
F is the magnitude of force F.
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o u on
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o u on
F x = 350 cos 25o + 800 cos 70o - 600 cos 60o
= 317.2 + 273.6 - 300 = 290.8 N
F y = 350 sin 25o + 800 sin 70o + 600 sin 60o
= 147.9 + 751 + 519.6 = 1419.3 N
i.e. F = 290.8 N i + 1419.3 N j
Resultant, F
F N
290 8 1419 3 1449
1419 3
290878 4
2 2
1 0
. .
tan .
..
F = 1449 N 78.4o
25o45o
350 N
800 N
600 N
60o
y
Example
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Example
A hoist trolley is subjected to the three
forces shown. Knowing that = 40o ,determine (a) the magnitude of force, P forwhich the resultant of the three forces isvertical (b) the corresponding magnitude of
the resultant.
1000 N
P
2000 N
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2 6 EQUILIBRIUM OF A PARTICLE
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2.6. EQUILIBRIUM OF A PARTICLE
A particle is said to be at equilibrium when the resultant of all the forces acting on it is
zero. It two forces are involved on a body in equilibrium, then the forces are equal and
opposite.
.. 150 N 150 N
If there are three forces, when resolving, the triangle of forces will close, if they are in
equilibrium.
F2 F1 F2
F3
F1
F3
EQUILIBRIUM OF A PARTICLE
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EQUILIBRIUM OF A PARTICLE
CONTD.
If there are more than three forces, the polygon of forces will be closed if the particle is
in equilibrium.
F3
F2 F2
F3 F1 F4
F1
F4
The closed polygon provides a graphical expression of the equilibrium of forces.
Mathematically: For equilibrium:
R = F = 0
i.e. ( Fx i + Fy j) = 0 or (Fx) i + (Fy) j
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EQUILIBRIUM OF A PARTICLE
CONCLUDED
For equilibrium:
Fx = 0 and
F y = 0.
Note: Considering Newton’s first law
of motion, equilibrium can mean that
the particle is either at rest or moving in
a straight line at constant speed.
FREE BODY DIAGRAMS:
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FREE BODY DIAGRAMS:
Space diagram represents the sketchof the physical problem. The free bodydiagram selects the significant particleor points and draws the force system
on that particle or point. Steps:
1. Imagine the particle to be isolated or
cut free from its surroundings. Draw orsketch its outlined shape.
Free Body Diagrams Contd
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Free Body Diagrams Contd.
2. Indicate on this sketch all the forces
that act on the particle.
These include active forces - tend to
set the particle in motion e.g. from
cables and weights and reactive forces
caused by constraints or supports thatprevent motion.
Free Body Diagrams Contd
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Free Body Diagrams Contd.
3. Label known forces with their
magnitudes and directions. use letters
to represent magnitudes and directionsof unknown forces.
Assume direction of force which may
be corrected later.
Example
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Example
The crate below has a weight of 50 kg. Drawa free body diagram of the crate, the cord BDand the ring at B.
CRATE
B ring C
A
D
45o
Solution
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Solution(a) Crate
FD ( force of cord acting on crate)
50 kg (wt. of crate)
(b) Cord BD
FB (force of ring acting on cord)
FD (force of crate acting on cord)
CRATE
C45o B
A
D
Solution Contd.
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Solution Contd.
(c) Ring
F A (Force of cord BA acting along ring)
FC
(force of cord BC acting on ring)
FB (force of cord BD acting on ring)
Example
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Example
Solution Contd
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Solution Contd.
F F
F BC AC
o
o AC sin
cos. .............( )
75
753 73 1
Fy = 0 i.e. FBC sin 75o - F AC cos 75o - 1962 = 0
F F
F BC AC
AC
1962 0 26
09662031 2 0 27 2
.
.. . ......( )
From Equations (1) and (2), 3.73 F AC = 2031.2 + 0.27 F AC
F AC = 587 N
From (1), FBC = 3.73 x 587 = 2190 N
RECTANGULAR COMPONENTS
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RECTANGULAR COMPONENTS
OF FORCE (REVISITED)
x
j
iFx = Fx i
Fy = Fy j
y
F = Fx + Fy
F = |Fx| . i + |Fy| . j
|F|2 = |Fx|2 + |Fy|2
F | | | | | | F Fx Fy 2 2
2 8 Forces in Space
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2.8 Forces in Space
Rectangular Components
Fy
Fx
Fz
j
i
k
F
Rectangular Components of a Force
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Rectangular Components of a Force
in Space
F = Fx + Fy + Fz
F = |Fx| . i + |Fy| . j + |Fz| . k
|F|2 = |Fx|2 + |Fy|2 + |Fz|2
| | | | | | | | F Fx Fy Fz 2 2 2
| | | | cos | | | | cos | | | |cos
, cos
,
Fx F Fy F Fz F
Cos Cos and Cos are called direction ines of
angles and
x y z
x y z
x y z
Forces in Space Contd
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Forces in Space Contd.
i.e. F = F ( cos x i + cos y j + cos z k) = F
F can therefore be expressed as the product of scalar, F
and the unit vector where: = cos x i + cos y j + cos z k.
is a unit vector of magnitude 1 and of the same direction as F.
is a unit vector along the line of action of F.
Forces in Space Contd
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Forces in Space Contd.
Also:
x = cos x, y = cos y and z = cos z - Scalar vectors
i.e. magnitudes.
x2 + y
2 + z2 = 1 =
2
i.e. cos2 x, + cos2 y + cos2 z = 1
Note: If components, Fx, Fy, and Fz of a Force, F are known,
the magnitude of F, F = Fx2 + Fy
2 + Fz2
Direction cosines are: cos x = Fx/F , cos y = Fy/F and cos2 z = Fz/F
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Force Defined by Magnitude and two Points
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Force Defined by Magnitude and two Points
on its Line of Action Contd.
Unit vector, along the line of action of F = MN/MN
MN is the distance, d from M to N.
= MN/MN = 1/d ( dx i + dy j + dz k )
Recall that: F = F
F = F = F/d ( dx i + dy j + dz k )
F Fd d
F Fd d
F Fd d
d x x d y y d z z
d d d d
d
d
d
d
d
d
x x
y y
z z
x y z
x y z
x x y y z z
, ,
, ,
cos , cos , cos
2 1 2 1 2 1
2 2 2
2 8 3 Addition of Concurrent Forces
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2.8.3 Addition of Concurrent Forces
in Space
The resultant, R of two or more forces in space is obtained by
summing their rectangular components i.e.
R = F
i.e. Rx i + Ry j + Rz k = ( Fx i + Fy j + Fz k )
= ( Fx) i + ( Fy) j + ( Fz )k
R x = Fx, Ry = Fy , Rz = Fz
R = Rx2 + Ry
2 + Rz2
cos x = Rx/R cos y = Ry/R cos z = Rz/R
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Solution
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Solution:
Position vector of BH = 0.6 m i + 1.2 m j - 1.2 m k
Magnitude, BH = 0 6 1 2 1 2 182 2 2. . . . m
BH
BH BH BH BH
BH
x y z
BH
BH m i m j m k
T T T BH BH
N m
m i m j m k
T N i N j N k
F N F N F N
| | .( . . . )
| |. | || | .
. . .
( ) (500 ) (500 )
, ,
1
180 6 1 2 1 2
75018
0 6 1 2 1 2
250
250 500 500
2.9 EQUILIBRIUM OF A
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Q
PARTICLE IN SPACE
For equilibrium:
Fx = 0, Fy = 0 and Fz =
0.
The equations may be used tosolve problems dealing with the
equilibrium of a particle involvingno more than three unknowns.
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