Elmasri and Navathe DBMS Concepts 16
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 5The Relational Data
Model and Relational Database Constraints
Slide 16-3Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Relational Model Concepts
Domains, Attributes, Tuples, and RelationsCharacteristics of RelationsRelational Model Notation
Slide 16-4Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Relational Model Constraints and Relational Database
SchemasDomain ConstraintsKey Constraints and Constraints on Null ValuesRelational Databases and Relational Database
SchemasEntity Integrity, Referential Integrity, and Foreign
KeysOther Types of Constraints
Slide 16-5Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Update Operations and Dealing with Constraint
ViolationsThe Insert OperationThe Delete OperationThe Update Operation
Slide 16-6Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Summary
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 6
The Relational Algebra and Relational Calculus
Slide 16-8Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Unary Relational Operations: SELECT and PROJECT
The SELECT OperationThe PROJECT OperationSequences of Operations and the RENAME
Operation
Slide 16-9Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Relational Algebra Operations from Set Theory
The UNION, INTERSECTION, and MINUS Operations
The CARTESIAN PRODUCT (or CROSS PRODUCT) Operation
Slide 16-10Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Binary Relational Operations: JOIN and DIVISION
The JOIN OperationThe EQUIJOIN and NATURAL JOIN
Variations of JOINA Complete Set of Relational Algebra
OperationsThe DIVISION Operation
Slide 16-11Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Additional Relational Operations
Aggregate Functions and GroupingRecursive Closure OperationsOUTER JOIN OperationsThe OUTER JOIN Operation
Slide 16-12Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Examples of Queries in Relational Algebra
Slide 16-13Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Tuple Relational CalculusTuple Variables and Range RelationsExpressions and Formulas in Tuple Relational
CalculusThe Existential and Universal QuantifiersExample Queries Using the Existential QuantifierTransforming the Universal and Existential
QuantifiersUsing the Universal QuantifierSafe Expressions
Slide 16-14Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Domain Relational Calculus
Slide 16-15Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Summary
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 7Relational Database
Design by ER- and EER-to-Relational Mapping
Slide 16-17Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Relational Database Design Using ER-to-Relational
MappingER-to-Relational Mapping AlgorithmDiscussion and Summary of Mapping for
Model Constructs
Slide 16-18Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Mapping EER Model Constructs to Relations
Mapping of Specialization of Generalization
Mapping of Shared Subclasses (Multiple Inheritance)
Mapping of Categories (Union Types)
Slide 16-19Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Summary
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 8SQL-99: Schema Definition, Basic
Constraints, and Queries
Slide 16-21Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
SQL Data Definition and Data Types
Schema and Catalog Concepts in SQLThe CREATE TABLE Command in SQLAttribute Data Types and Domains in SQL
Slide 16-22Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Specifying Basic Constraints in SQL
Specifying Attribute Constraints and Attribute Defaults
Specifying Key and Referential Integrity Constraints
Giving Names to ConstraintsSpecifying Constraints on Tuples Using
CHECK
Slide 16-23Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Schema Change Statements in SQL
The DROP CommandThe ALTER Command
Slide 16-24Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Basic Queries in SQLThe SELECT-FROM-WHERE Structure of Basic
SQL QueriesAmbiguous Attribute Names, Aliasing, and Tuple
VariablesUnspecified WHERE Clause and Use of the AsteriskTables as Sets in SQLSubstring Pattern Matching and Arithmetic
OperatorsOrdering of Query Results
Slide 16-25Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
More Complex SQL QueriesComparisons Involving NULL and Three-Valued LogicNested Queries, Tuples, and Set/Multiset ComparisionsCorrelated Nested QueriesThe EXISTS and UNIQUE Functions in SQLExplicit Sets and Renaming of Attributes in SQLJoined Tables in SQLAggregate Functions in SQLGrouping: The GROUP BY and HAVING ClausesDiscussion and Summary of SQL Queries
Slide 16-26Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Insert, Delete, and Update Statements in SQL
The INSERT CommandThe DELETE CommandThe UPDATE Command
Slide 16-27Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Additional Features of SQL
Slide 16-28Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Summary
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 9More SQL: Assertions,
Views, and Programming Techniques
Slide 16-30Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Specifying General Constraints as Assertions
Slide 16-31Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Views (Virtual Tables) in SQL
Concept of a View in SQLSpecification of Views in SQLView Implementation and View Update
Slide 16-32Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Database Programming: Issues and Techniques
Approaches to Database ProgrammingImpedence MismatchTypical Sequence of Interaction in
Database Programming
Slide 16-33Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Embedded SQL, Dynamic SQL, and SQLJ
Retrieving Single Tuples with Embedded SQLRetrieving Multiple Tuples with Embedded SQL
Using CursorsSpecifying Queries at Runtime Using Dynamic
SQLSQLJ: Embedding SQL Commands in JAVARetrieving Multiple Tuples in SQLJ Using
Iterators
Slide 16-34Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Database Programming with Function Calls: SQL/CLI and
JDBCDatabase Programming with SQL/CLI
Using C as the Host LanguageJDBC: SQL Function Calls for JAVA
Programming
Slide 16-35Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Database Stored Procedures and SQL/PSM
Database Stored Procedures and FunctionsSQL/PSM: Extending SQL for Specifying
Persistent Stored Modules
Slide 16-36Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Summary
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 10Functional Dependencies
and Normalization for Relational Databases
Slide 16-38Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Informal Design Guidelines for Relation Schema
Semantics of the Relation AttributesRedundant Information in Tuples and
Update AnomaliesNull Values in TuplesGeneration of Spurious TuplesSummary and Discussion of Design
Guidelines
Slide 16-39Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Functional Dependencies
Definition of Functional DependencyInference Rules for Functional
DependenciesEquivalence of Sets of Functional
DependenciesMinimal Sets of Functional Dependencies
Slide 16-40Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Normal Forms Based on Primary Keys
Normalization of RelationsPractical Use of Normal FormsDefinition of Keys and Attributes
Participating in KeysFirst Normal FormSecond Normal FormThird Normal Form
Slide 16-41Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
General Definitions of Second and Third Normal Forms
General Definition of Second Normal FormGeneral Definition of Third Normal FormInterpreting the General Definition of Third
Normal Form
Slide 16-42Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Boyce-Codd Normal
Slide 16-43Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Summary
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 11Relational Database
Design Algorithms and Further Dependencies
Slide 16-45Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Properties of Relational Decompositions
Relation Decomposition and Insufficiency of Normal Forms
Dependency Preservation Property of a Decomposition
Lossless (Nonadditive) Join Property of a Decomposition
Testing Binary Decomposition for the Nonadditive Join Property
Successive Lossless (Nonadditive) Join Decompositions
Slide 16-46Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Algorithms for Relational Database Schema Design
Dependency-Preserving Decomposition into 3NF Schemas
Lossless (Nonadditive) Join Decomposition into BCNF Schemas
Dependency-Preserving and Nonadditive (Lossless) Join Decomposition into 3NF Schemas
Problems with Null Values and Dangling TuplesDiscussion of Normalization Algorithms
Slide 16-47Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Multivalued Dependencies and Fourth Normal Form
Formal Definition of Multivalued Dependency
Inference Rules for Functional and Multivalued Dependencies
Fourth Normal FormLossless (Nonadditive) Join Decomposition
into 4NF Relations
Slide 16-48Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Join Dependencies and Fifth Normal Form
Slide 16-49Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Inclusion Dependencies
Slide 16-50Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Other Dependencies and Normal Forms
Template DependenciesDomain-Key Normal Form
Slide 16-51Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Summary
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 12Practical Database
Design Methodology and Use of UML Diagrams
Slide 16-53Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Role of Information Systems in Organizations
The Organizational Context for Using Database Systems
The Information System Life CycleThe Database Application System Life
Cycle
Slide 16-54Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Database Design and Implementation Process
Phase 1: Requirements Collection and AnalysisPhase 2: Conceptual Database DesignPhase 3: Choice of DBMSPhase 4: Data Model Mapping (Logical Database
Design)Phase 5: Physical Database DesignPhase 6: Database System Implementation and
Tuning
Slide 16-55Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Use of UML Diagrams as an Aid to Database Design
SpecificationUML As a Design Specification StandardUML for Database Application DesignDifferent Diagrams in UMLA Modeling and Design Example:
University Database
Slide 16-56Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Relational Rose, A UML Based Design Tool
Relational Rose for Database DesignRelational Rose Data ModelerData Modeling Using Rational Rose Data
Modeler
Slide 16-57Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Automated Database Design Tools
Slide 16-58Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Summary
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 13
Disk Storage, Basic File Structures, and Hashing
Slide 16-60Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Introduction
Memory Hierarchies and Storage DevicesStorage of Databases
Slide 16-61Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Secondary Storage Devices
Hardware Description of Disk DevicesMagnetic Tape Storage Devices
Slide 16-62Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Buffering Blocks
Slide 16-63Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Placing File Records on Disk
Records and Record TypesFiles, Fixed-Length Records, and Variable-
Length RecordsRecord Blocking and Spanned Versus
Unspanned RecordsAllocating File Blocks on DiskFile Headers
Slide 16-64Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Operations on Files
Slide 16-65Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Files of Unordered Records (Heap Files)
Slide 16-66Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Files of Ordered Records (Sorted Files)
Slide 16-67Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Hashing Techniques
Internal HashingExternal Hashing for Disk FilesHashing Techniques That Allow Dynamic
File Expansion
Slide 16-68Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Other Primary File Organizations
Files of Mixed RecordsB-Trees and Other Data Structures as
Primary Organization
Slide 16-69Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Parallelizing Disk Access Using RAID Technology
Improving Reliability with RAIDImproving Performance with RAIDRAID Organizations and Levels
Slide 16-70Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Storage Area Networks
Slide 16-71Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Summary
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 14
Indexing Structures for Files
Slide 16-73Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Types of Single-Level Ordered Indexes
Primary IndexesClustering IndexesSecondary IndexesSummary
Slide 16-74Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Multilevel Indexes
Slide 16-75Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Dynamic Multilevel Indexes Using B-Trees and B+-Trees
Search Trees and B-TreesB+-Trees
Slide 16-76Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Indexes on Multiple Keys
Ordered Index on Multiple AttributesPartitioned HashingGrid Files
Slide 16-77Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Other Types of Indexes
Using Hashing and Other Data Structures as Indexes
Logical versus Physical IndexesDiscussion
Slide 16-78Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Summary
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 15Algorithms for Query
Processing and Optimization
Slide 16-80Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Translating SQL Queries into Relational Algebra
Slide 16-81Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Algorithms for External Sorting
Slide 16-82Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Algorithms for SELECT and JOIN Operations
Implementing the SELECT OperationImplementing the JOIN Operation
Slide 16-83Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Algorithms for PROJECT and SET Operations
Slide 16-84Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Implementing Aggregate Operations and Outer Joins
Implementing Aggregate OperationsImplementing Outer Join
Slide 16-85Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Combining Operations Using Pipelining
Slide 16-86Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Using Heuristics in Query Optimization
Notation for Query Trees and Query Graphs
Heuristic Optimization of Query TreesConverting Query Trees into Query
Execution Plans
Slide 16-87Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Using Selectivity and Cost Estimates in Query
OptimizationCost Components for Query ExecutionCatalog Information Used in Cost FunctionsExamples of Cost Functions for SELECTExamples of Cost Functions for JOINMultiple Relation Queries and Join OrderingExamples to Illustrate Cost-Based Query
Optimization
Slide 16-88Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Overview of Query Optimization in Oracle
Slide 16-89Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Semantic Query Optimization
Slide 16-90Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Summary
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 16
Practical Database Design and Tuning
Slide 16-92Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Physical Database Design in Relational Databases
Factors That Influence Physical Database Design
Physical Database Design Decisions
Slide 16-93Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
An Overview of Database Tuning in Relational Systems
Tuning IndexesTuning the Database DesignTuning QueriesAdditional Query Tuning Guidelines
Slide 16-94Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Summary
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 17Introduction to
Transaction Processing Concepts and Theory
Slide 16-96Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Introduction to Transaction Processing
Single-User Versus Multiuser SystemsTransactions, Read and Write Operations,
and DBMS BuffersWhy Concurrency Control Is NeededWhy Recovery Is Needed
Slide 16-97Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Transaction and System Concepts
Transaction States and Additional Operations
The System LogCommet Point of a Transaction
Slide 16-98Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Desirable Properties of Transactions
Slide 16-99Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Characterizing Schedules Based on Recoverability
Schedules (Histories) of TransactionsCharacterizing Schedules Base on
Recoverability
Slide 16-100Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Characterizing Schedules Based on Serializability
Serial, Nonserial, and Conflict-Serializable Schedules
Testing for Conflict Serializability of a Schedule
Uses of SerializabilityView Equivalence and View SerializabilityOther Types of Equivalence of Schedules
Slide 16-101Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Transaction Support in SQL
Slide 16-102Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Summary
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 18
Concurrency Control Techniques
Slide 16-104Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Two-Phase Locking Techniques for Concurrency
ControlTypes of Locks and System Lock TablesGuaranteeing Serializability by Two-Phase
LockingDealing with Deadlock and Starvation
Slide 16-105Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Concurrency Control Based on Timestamp Ordering
TimestampsThe Timestamp Ordering Algorithm
Slide 16-106Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Multiversion Concurrency Control Techniques
Multiversion Techniques Based on Timestamp Ordering
Multiversion Two-Phase Locking Using Certify Locks
Slide 16-107Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Validation (Optimistic) Concurrency Control
Techniques
Slide 16-108Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Granularity of Data Items and Multiple Granularity Locking
Granularity Level Considerations for Locking
Multiple Granularity Level Locking
Slide 16-109Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Using Locks for Concurrency Control in Indexes
Slide 16-110Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Other Concurrency Control Issues
Insertion, Deletion, and Phantom RecordsInteractive TransactionsLatches
Slide 16-111Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Summary
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 19
Database Recovery Techniques
Slide 16-113Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Recovery Concepts
Recovery Outline and Categorization of Recovery Algorithms
Caching (Buffering) of Disk BlocksWrite-Ahead Logging, Steal/No-Steal, and
Force/No-ForceCheckpoints in the System Log and Fuzzy
CheckpointingTransaction Rollback
Slide 16-114Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Recovery Techniques Based on Deferred Update
Recovery Using Deferred Update in a Single-User Environment
Deferred Update with Concurrent Execution in a Multiuser Environment
Transaction Actions That Do Not Affect the Database
Slide 16-115Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Recovery Techniques Based on Immediate Update
UNDO/REDO Recovery Based on Immediate Update in a Single-User Environment
UNDO/REDO Recovery Based on Immediate Update with Concurrent Execution
Slide 16-116Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Shadow Paging
Slide 16-117Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
The ARIES Recovery Algorithm
Slide 16-118Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Recovery in Multidatabase Systems
Slide 16-119Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Database Backup and Recovery from Catastrophic
Failures
Slide 16-120Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Summary
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 20
Concepts for Object Databases
Slide 16-122Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Overview of Object-Oriented Concepts
Slide 16-123Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Object Identity, Object Structure, and Type
ConstructorsObject IdentityObject StructureType Constructors
Slide 16-124Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Encapsulation of Operations, Methods, and Persistence
Specifying Object Behavior via Class Operations
Specifying Object Persistence via Naming and Reachability
Slide 16-125Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Type and Class Hierarchies and Inheritance
Type Hierarchies and InheritanceConstraints on Extents Corresponding to a
Type Hierarchy
Slide 16-126Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Complex Objects
Unstructured Complex Objects and Type Extensibility
Structured Complex Objects
Slide 16-127Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Other Objected-Oriented Concepts
Polymorphism (Operator Overloading)Multiple Inheritance and Selective
InheritanceVersions and Configurations
Slide 16-128Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Summary
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 21Object Database
Standards, Languages, and Design
Slide 16-130Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Overview of the Object Model of ODMG
Objects and LiteralsBuilt-in Interfaces for Collection ObjectsAtomic (User-Defined) ObjectsInterfaces, Classes, and InheritanceExtents, Keys, and Factory Objects
Slide 16-131Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Object Definition Language ODL
Slide 16-132Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Object Query Language OQL
Simple OQL Queries, Database Entry Points, and Iterator Variables
Query Results and Path ExpressionsOther Features of OQL
Slide 16-133Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Overview of the C++ Language Binding
Slide 16-134Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Object Database Conceptual Design
Differences Between Conceptual Design of ODB and RDB
Mapping and EER Schema to an ODB Schema
Slide 16-135Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Summary
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 22Object-Relational and Extended-Relational
Systems
Slide 16-137Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Overview of SQL and Its Object-Relational Features
The SQL Standard and Its ComponentsObject-Relational Support in SQL-99Some New Operations and Features in SQL
Slide 16-138Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Evolution and Current Trends of Database Technology
Slide 16-139Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Informix Universal Server
Extensible Data TypesSupport for User-Defined RoutinesSupport for InheritanceSupport for Indexing ExtensionsSupport for External Data SourcesSupport for Data Blades Application
Programming Interface
Slide 16-140Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Object-Relational Features of Oracle 8
Some Examples of Object-Relational Features of Oracle
Managing Large Objects and Other Storage Features
Slide 16-141Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Implementation and Related Issues for Extended Type
Systems
Slide 16-142Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Nested Relational Model
Slide 16-143Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Summary
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 23
Database Security and Authorization
Slide 16-145Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Introduction to Database Security Issues
Types of SecurityDatabase Security and the DBAAccess Protection, User Accounts, and
Database Audits
Slide 16-146Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Discretionary Access Control Based on Granting and
Revoking PrivilegesTypes of Discretionary PrivilegesSpecifying Privileges Using ViewsRevoking PrivilegesPropogation of Privileges Using the GRANT
OPTIONAn ExampleSpecifying Limits on Propagation of Privileges
Slide 16-147Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Mandatory Access Control and Role-Based Access
Control for Multilevel SecurityComparing Discretionary Access Control
and Mandatory Access ControlRole-Based Access ControlAccess Control Policies for E-Commerce
and the Web
Slide 16-148Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Introduction to Statistical Database Security
Slide 16-149Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Introduction to Flow Control
Covert Channels
Slide 16-150Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Encryption and Public Key Infrastructures
The Data and Advanced Encryption Standards
Public Key EncryptionDigital Signatures
Slide 16-151Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Summary
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 24Enhanced Data Models
for Advanced Applications
Slide 16-153Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Active Database Concepts and Triggers
Generalized Model for Active Databases and Oracle Triggers
Design and Implementation Issues for Active Databases
Examples of Statement-Level Active Rules in STARBURST
Potential Applications for Active DatabasesTriggers in SQL-99
Slide 16-154Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Temporal Database ConceptsTime Representation, Calendars, and Time
DimensionsIncorporating Time in Relational Databases Using
Tuple VersioningIncorporating Time in Object-Oriented Databases
Using Attribute VersioningTemporal Querying Constructs and the TSQL2
LanguageTime Series Data
Slide 16-155Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Multimedia Databases
Introduction to Spatial Database ConceptsIntroduction to Multimedia Database
Concepts
Slide 16-156Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Introduction to Deductive Databases
Overview of Deductive DatabasesProlog/Datalog NotationDatalog NotationClausal Form and Horn ClausesInterpretation of RulesDatalog Programs and Their SafetyUse the Relational OperationsEvaluation of Nonrecursive Datalog Queries
Slide 16-157Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Summary
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 25Distributed Databases
and Client–Server Architectures
Slide 16-159Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Distributed Database Concepts
Parallel Versus Distributed TechnologyAdvantages of Distributed DatabasesAdditional Functions of Distributed
Databases
Slide 16-160Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Data Fragmentation, Replication, and Allocation Techniques for Distributed
Database DesignData FragmentationData Replication and AllocationExample of Fragmentation, Allocation, and
Replication
Slide 16-161Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Types of Distributed Database Systems
Slide 16-162Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Query Processing in Distributed Databases
Data Transfer Costs of Distributed Query Processing
Distributed Query Processing Using Semijoin
Query and Update Decomposition
Slide 16-163Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Overview of Concurrency Control and Recovery in Distributed Databases
Distributed Concurrency Control Based on a Distinguished Copy of a Data Item
Distributed Concurrency Control Based on Voting
Distributed Recovery
Slide 16-164Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
An Overview of 3-Tier Client-Server Architecture
Slide 16-165Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Distributed Databases in Oracle
Slide 16-166Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Summary
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 26
XML and Internet Databases
Slide 16-168Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
XML Hierarchical (Tree) Data Model
Slide 16-169Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
XLM Documents, DTD, and XML Schema
Well-Formed and Valid XML Documents and XML DTD
XML Schema
Slide 16-170Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
XML Documents and Databases
Approaches to Storing XML DocumentsExtracting XML Documents from
Relational DatabasesBreaking Cycles to Convert Graphs into
TreesOther Steps for Extracting XML
Documents from Databases
Slide 16-171Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
XML Query
XPath: Specifying Path Expressions in XML
XQuery: Specifying Queries in XML
Slide 16-172Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Summary
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 27
Data Mining Concepts
Slide 16-174Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Overview of Data Mining Technology
Slide 16-175Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Association Rules
Market-Basket Model, Support, and ConfidenceApriori AlgorithmSampling AlgorithmFrequent-Pattern Tree AlgorithmPartition AlgorithmOther Types of Association RulesAdditional Considerations for Association Rules
Slide 16-176Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Classification
Slide 16-177Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Clustering
Slide 16-178Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Approaches to Other Data Mining Problems
Discovery of Sequential PatternsDiscovery of Patterns in Time SeriesRegressionNeural NetworksGenetic Algorithm
Slide 16-179Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Applications of Data Mining
Slide 16-180Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Commercial Data Mining Tools
Slide 16-181Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Summary
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 28
Overview of Data Warehousing and OLAP
Slide 16-183Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Introduction, Definitions, and Terminology
Slide 16-184Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Characteristics of Data Warehouses
Slide 16-185Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Data Modeling for Data Warehouses
Slide 16-186Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Building a Data Warehouse
Slide 16-187Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Typical Functionality of a Data Warehouse
Slide 16-188Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Data Warehouse Versus Views
Slide 16-189Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Problems and Open Issues in Data Warehouses
Difficulties of Implementing Data Warehouses
Open Issues in Data Warehousing
Slide 16-190Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Summary
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 29Emerging Database Technologies and
Applications
Slide 16-192Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Mobil Databases
Mobil Computing ArchitecturesCharacteristics of Mobile EnvironmentsData Management IssuesApplication: Intermittently Synchronized
DatabasesSelected Bibliography for Mobil Databases
Slide 16-193Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Multimedia Databases
The Nature of Multimedia Data and Applications
Data Management IssuesOpen Research ProblemsMultimedia Database ApplicationsSelected Bibliography on Multimedia
Databases
Slide 16-194Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Geographic Information Systems
GIS ApplicationsData Management Requirements lof GISSpecific GIS Data OperationsAn Example of a GIS Software: ARC-
INFOProblems and Future Issues in GISSelected Bibliography for GIS
Slide 16-195Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Genome Data Management
Biological Sciences and GeneticsCharacteristics of Biological DataThe Human Genome Project and Existing
Biological DatabasesSelected Bibliography for Genome
Databases
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Appendix A
Alternative Diagrammatic Notations for ER Models
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Appendix C
Parameters of Disks
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Appendix D
Overview of the QBE Language
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