Elmasri and Navathe DBMS Concepts 16

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.


Chapter 5The Relational Data

Model and Relational Database Constraints

Slide 16-3Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.

Relational Model Concepts

Domains, Attributes, Tuples, and RelationsCharacteristics of RelationsRelational Model Notation


Relational Model Constraints and Relational Database

SchemasDomain ConstraintsKey Constraints and Constraints on Null ValuesRelational Databases and Relational Database

SchemasEntity Integrity, Referential Integrity, and Foreign

KeysOther Types of Constraints


Update Operations and Dealing with Constraint

ViolationsThe Insert OperationThe Delete OperationThe Update Operation


Summary


Chapter 6

The Relational Algebra and Relational Calculus


Unary Relational Operations: SELECT and PROJECT

The SELECT OperationThe PROJECT OperationSequences of Operations and the RENAME

Operation


Relational Algebra Operations from Set Theory

The UNION, INTERSECTION, and MINUS Operations

The CARTESIAN PRODUCT (or CROSS PRODUCT) Operation


Binary Relational Operations: JOIN and DIVISION

The JOIN OperationThe EQUIJOIN and NATURAL JOIN

Variations of JOINA Complete Set of Relational Algebra

OperationsThe DIVISION Operation


Additional Relational Operations

Aggregate Functions and GroupingRecursive Closure OperationsOUTER JOIN OperationsThe OUTER JOIN Operation


Examples of Queries in Relational Algebra


The Tuple Relational CalculusTuple Variables and Range RelationsExpressions and Formulas in Tuple Relational

CalculusThe Existential and Universal QuantifiersExample Queries Using the Existential QuantifierTransforming the Universal and Existential

QuantifiersUsing the Universal QuantifierSafe Expressions


The Domain Relational Calculus


Summary


Chapter 7Relational Database

Design by ER- and EER-to-Relational Mapping


Relational Database Design Using ER-to-Relational

MappingER-to-Relational Mapping AlgorithmDiscussion and Summary of Mapping for

Model Constructs


Mapping EER Model Constructs to Relations

Mapping of Specialization of Generalization

Mapping of Shared Subclasses (Multiple Inheritance)

Mapping of Categories (Union Types)


Summary


Chapter 8SQL-99: Schema Definition, Basic

Constraints, and Queries


SQL Data Definition and Data Types

Schema and Catalog Concepts in SQLThe CREATE TABLE Command in SQLAttribute Data Types and Domains in SQL


Specifying Basic Constraints in SQL

Specifying Attribute Constraints and Attribute Defaults

Specifying Key and Referential Integrity Constraints

Giving Names to ConstraintsSpecifying Constraints on Tuples Using

CHECK


Schema Change Statements in SQL

The DROP CommandThe ALTER Command


Basic Queries in SQLThe SELECT-FROM-WHERE Structure of Basic

SQL QueriesAmbiguous Attribute Names, Aliasing, and Tuple

VariablesUnspecified WHERE Clause and Use of the AsteriskTables as Sets in SQLSubstring Pattern Matching and Arithmetic

OperatorsOrdering of Query Results


More Complex SQL QueriesComparisons Involving NULL and Three-Valued LogicNested Queries, Tuples, and Set/Multiset ComparisionsCorrelated Nested QueriesThe EXISTS and UNIQUE Functions in SQLExplicit Sets and Renaming of Attributes in SQLJoined Tables in SQLAggregate Functions in SQLGrouping: The GROUP BY and HAVING ClausesDiscussion and Summary of SQL Queries


Insert, Delete, and Update Statements in SQL

The INSERT CommandThe DELETE CommandThe UPDATE Command


Additional Features of SQL


Summary


Chapter 9More SQL: Assertions,

Views, and Programming Techniques


Specifying General Constraints as Assertions


Views (Virtual Tables) in SQL

Concept of a View in SQLSpecification of Views in SQLView Implementation and View Update


Database Programming: Issues and Techniques

Approaches to Database ProgrammingImpedence MismatchTypical Sequence of Interaction in

Database Programming


Embedded SQL, Dynamic SQL, and SQLJ

Retrieving Single Tuples with Embedded SQLRetrieving Multiple Tuples with Embedded SQL

Using CursorsSpecifying Queries at Runtime Using Dynamic

SQLSQLJ: Embedding SQL Commands in JAVARetrieving Multiple Tuples in SQLJ Using

Iterators


Database Programming with Function Calls: SQL/CLI and

JDBCDatabase Programming with SQL/CLI

Using C as the Host LanguageJDBC: SQL Function Calls for JAVA

Programming


Database Stored Procedures and SQL/PSM

Database Stored Procedures and FunctionsSQL/PSM: Extending SQL for Specifying

Persistent Stored Modules


Summary


Chapter 10Functional Dependencies

and Normalization for Relational Databases


Informal Design Guidelines for Relation Schema

Semantics of the Relation AttributesRedundant Information in Tuples and

Update AnomaliesNull Values in TuplesGeneration of Spurious TuplesSummary and Discussion of Design

Guidelines


Functional Dependencies

Definition of Functional DependencyInference Rules for Functional

DependenciesEquivalence of Sets of Functional

DependenciesMinimal Sets of Functional Dependencies


Normal Forms Based on Primary Keys

Normalization of RelationsPractical Use of Normal FormsDefinition of Keys and Attributes

Participating in KeysFirst Normal FormSecond Normal FormThird Normal Form


General Definitions of Second and Third Normal Forms

General Definition of Second Normal FormGeneral Definition of Third Normal FormInterpreting the General Definition of Third

Normal Form


Boyce-Codd Normal


Summary


Chapter 11Relational Database

Design Algorithms and Further Dependencies


Properties of Relational Decompositions

Relation Decomposition and Insufficiency of Normal Forms

Dependency Preservation Property of a Decomposition

Lossless (Nonadditive) Join Property of a Decomposition

Testing Binary Decomposition for the Nonadditive Join Property

Successive Lossless (Nonadditive) Join Decompositions


Algorithms for Relational Database Schema Design

Dependency-Preserving Decomposition into 3NF Schemas

Lossless (Nonadditive) Join Decomposition into BCNF Schemas

Dependency-Preserving and Nonadditive (Lossless) Join Decomposition into 3NF Schemas

Problems with Null Values and Dangling TuplesDiscussion of Normalization Algorithms


Multivalued Dependencies and Fourth Normal Form

Formal Definition of Multivalued Dependency

Inference Rules for Functional and Multivalued Dependencies

Fourth Normal FormLossless (Nonadditive) Join Decomposition

into 4NF Relations


Join Dependencies and Fifth Normal Form


Inclusion Dependencies


Other Dependencies and Normal Forms

Template DependenciesDomain-Key Normal Form


Summary


Chapter 12Practical Database

Design Methodology and Use of UML Diagrams


The Role of Information Systems in Organizations

The Organizational Context for Using Database Systems

The Information System Life CycleThe Database Application System Life

Cycle


The Database Design and Implementation Process

Phase 1: Requirements Collection and AnalysisPhase 2: Conceptual Database DesignPhase 3: Choice of DBMSPhase 4: Data Model Mapping (Logical Database

Design)Phase 5: Physical Database DesignPhase 6: Database System Implementation and

Tuning


Use of UML Diagrams as an Aid to Database Design

SpecificationUML As a Design Specification StandardUML for Database Application DesignDifferent Diagrams in UMLA Modeling and Design Example:

University Database


Relational Rose, A UML Based Design Tool

Relational Rose for Database DesignRelational Rose Data ModelerData Modeling Using Rational Rose Data

Modeler


Automated Database Design Tools


Summary


Chapter 13

Disk Storage, Basic File Structures, and Hashing


Introduction

Memory Hierarchies and Storage DevicesStorage of Databases


Secondary Storage Devices

Hardware Description of Disk DevicesMagnetic Tape Storage Devices


Buffering Blocks


Placing File Records on Disk

Records and Record TypesFiles, Fixed-Length Records, and Variable-

Length RecordsRecord Blocking and Spanned Versus

Unspanned RecordsAllocating File Blocks on DiskFile Headers


Operations on Files


Files of Unordered Records (Heap Files)


Files of Ordered Records (Sorted Files)


Hashing Techniques

Internal HashingExternal Hashing for Disk FilesHashing Techniques That Allow Dynamic

File Expansion


Other Primary File Organizations

Files of Mixed RecordsB-Trees and Other Data Structures as

Primary Organization


Parallelizing Disk Access Using RAID Technology

Improving Reliability with RAIDImproving Performance with RAIDRAID Organizations and Levels


Storage Area Networks


Summary


Chapter 14

Indexing Structures for Files


Types of Single-Level Ordered Indexes

Primary IndexesClustering IndexesSecondary IndexesSummary


Multilevel Indexes


Dynamic Multilevel Indexes Using B-Trees and B+-Trees

Search Trees and B-TreesB+-Trees


Indexes on Multiple Keys

Ordered Index on Multiple AttributesPartitioned HashingGrid Files


Other Types of Indexes

Using Hashing and Other Data Structures as Indexes

Logical versus Physical IndexesDiscussion


Summary


Chapter 15Algorithms for Query

Processing and Optimization


Translating SQL Queries into Relational Algebra


Algorithms for External Sorting


Algorithms for SELECT and JOIN Operations

Implementing the SELECT OperationImplementing the JOIN Operation


Algorithms for PROJECT and SET Operations


Implementing Aggregate Operations and Outer Joins

Implementing Aggregate OperationsImplementing Outer Join


Combining Operations Using Pipelining


Using Heuristics in Query Optimization

Notation for Query Trees and Query Graphs

Heuristic Optimization of Query TreesConverting Query Trees into Query

Execution Plans


Using Selectivity and Cost Estimates in Query

OptimizationCost Components for Query ExecutionCatalog Information Used in Cost FunctionsExamples of Cost Functions for SELECTExamples of Cost Functions for JOINMultiple Relation Queries and Join OrderingExamples to Illustrate Cost-Based Query

Optimization


Overview of Query Optimization in Oracle


Semantic Query Optimization


Summary


Chapter 16

Practical Database Design and Tuning


Physical Database Design in Relational Databases

Factors That Influence Physical Database Design

Physical Database Design Decisions


An Overview of Database Tuning in Relational Systems

Tuning IndexesTuning the Database DesignTuning QueriesAdditional Query Tuning Guidelines


Summary


Chapter 17Introduction to

Transaction Processing Concepts and Theory


Introduction to Transaction Processing

Single-User Versus Multiuser SystemsTransactions, Read and Write Operations,

and DBMS BuffersWhy Concurrency Control Is NeededWhy Recovery Is Needed


Transaction and System Concepts

Transaction States and Additional Operations

The System LogCommet Point of a Transaction


Desirable Properties of Transactions


Characterizing Schedules Based on Recoverability

Schedules (Histories) of TransactionsCharacterizing Schedules Base on

Recoverability


Characterizing Schedules Based on Serializability

Serial, Nonserial, and Conflict-Serializable Schedules

Testing for Conflict Serializability of a Schedule

Uses of SerializabilityView Equivalence and View SerializabilityOther Types of Equivalence of Schedules


Transaction Support in SQL


Summary


Chapter 18

Concurrency Control Techniques


Two-Phase Locking Techniques for Concurrency

ControlTypes of Locks and System Lock TablesGuaranteeing Serializability by Two-Phase

LockingDealing with Deadlock and Starvation


Concurrency Control Based on Timestamp Ordering

TimestampsThe Timestamp Ordering Algorithm


Multiversion Concurrency Control Techniques

Multiversion Techniques Based on Timestamp Ordering

Multiversion Two-Phase Locking Using Certify Locks


Validation (Optimistic) Concurrency Control

Techniques


Granularity of Data Items and Multiple Granularity Locking

Granularity Level Considerations for Locking

Multiple Granularity Level Locking


Using Locks for Concurrency Control in Indexes


Other Concurrency Control Issues

Insertion, Deletion, and Phantom RecordsInteractive TransactionsLatches


Summary


Chapter 19

Database Recovery Techniques


Recovery Concepts

Recovery Outline and Categorization of Recovery Algorithms

Caching (Buffering) of Disk BlocksWrite-Ahead Logging, Steal/No-Steal, and

Force/No-ForceCheckpoints in the System Log and Fuzzy

CheckpointingTransaction Rollback


Recovery Techniques Based on Deferred Update

Recovery Using Deferred Update in a Single-User Environment

Deferred Update with Concurrent Execution in a Multiuser Environment

Transaction Actions That Do Not Affect the Database


Recovery Techniques Based on Immediate Update

UNDO/REDO Recovery Based on Immediate Update in a Single-User Environment

UNDO/REDO Recovery Based on Immediate Update with Concurrent Execution


Shadow Paging


The ARIES Recovery Algorithm


Recovery in Multidatabase Systems


Database Backup and Recovery from Catastrophic

Failures


Summary


Chapter 20

Concepts for Object Databases


Overview of Object-Oriented Concepts


Object Identity, Object Structure, and Type

ConstructorsObject IdentityObject StructureType Constructors


Encapsulation of Operations, Methods, and Persistence

Specifying Object Behavior via Class Operations

Specifying Object Persistence via Naming and Reachability


Type and Class Hierarchies and Inheritance

Type Hierarchies and InheritanceConstraints on Extents Corresponding to a

Type Hierarchy


Complex Objects

Unstructured Complex Objects and Type Extensibility

Structured Complex Objects


Other Objected-Oriented Concepts

Polymorphism (Operator Overloading)Multiple Inheritance and Selective

InheritanceVersions and Configurations


Summary


Chapter 21Object Database

Standards, Languages, and Design


Overview of the Object Model of ODMG

Objects and LiteralsBuilt-in Interfaces for Collection ObjectsAtomic (User-Defined) ObjectsInterfaces, Classes, and InheritanceExtents, Keys, and Factory Objects


The Object Definition Language ODL


The Object Query Language OQL

Simple OQL Queries, Database Entry Points, and Iterator Variables

Query Results and Path ExpressionsOther Features of OQL


Overview of the C++ Language Binding


Object Database Conceptual Design

Differences Between Conceptual Design of ODB and RDB

Mapping and EER Schema to an ODB Schema


Summary


Chapter 22Object-Relational and Extended-Relational

Systems


Overview of SQL and Its Object-Relational Features

The SQL Standard and Its ComponentsObject-Relational Support in SQL-99Some New Operations and Features in SQL


Evolution and Current Trends of Database Technology


The Informix Universal Server

Extensible Data TypesSupport for User-Defined RoutinesSupport for InheritanceSupport for Indexing ExtensionsSupport for External Data SourcesSupport for Data Blades Application

Programming Interface


Object-Relational Features of Oracle 8

Some Examples of Object-Relational Features of Oracle

Managing Large Objects and Other Storage Features


Implementation and Related Issues for Extended Type

Systems


The Nested Relational Model


Summary


Chapter 23

Database Security and Authorization


Introduction to Database Security Issues

Types of SecurityDatabase Security and the DBAAccess Protection, User Accounts, and

Database Audits


Discretionary Access Control Based on Granting and

Revoking PrivilegesTypes of Discretionary PrivilegesSpecifying Privileges Using ViewsRevoking PrivilegesPropogation of Privileges Using the GRANT

OPTIONAn ExampleSpecifying Limits on Propagation of Privileges


Mandatory Access Control and Role-Based Access

Control for Multilevel SecurityComparing Discretionary Access Control

and Mandatory Access ControlRole-Based Access ControlAccess Control Policies for E-Commerce

and the Web


Introduction to Statistical Database Security


Introduction to Flow Control

Covert Channels


Encryption and Public Key Infrastructures

The Data and Advanced Encryption Standards

Public Key EncryptionDigital Signatures


Summary


Chapter 24Enhanced Data Models

for Advanced Applications


Active Database Concepts and Triggers

Generalized Model for Active Databases and Oracle Triggers

Design and Implementation Issues for Active Databases

Examples of Statement-Level Active Rules in STARBURST

Potential Applications for Active DatabasesTriggers in SQL-99


Temporal Database ConceptsTime Representation, Calendars, and Time

DimensionsIncorporating Time in Relational Databases Using

Tuple VersioningIncorporating Time in Object-Oriented Databases

Using Attribute VersioningTemporal Querying Constructs and the TSQL2

LanguageTime Series Data


Multimedia Databases

Introduction to Spatial Database ConceptsIntroduction to Multimedia Database

Concepts


Introduction to Deductive Databases

Overview of Deductive DatabasesProlog/Datalog NotationDatalog NotationClausal Form and Horn ClausesInterpretation of RulesDatalog Programs and Their SafetyUse the Relational OperationsEvaluation of Nonrecursive Datalog Queries


Summary


Chapter 25Distributed Databases

and Client–Server Architectures


Distributed Database Concepts

Parallel Versus Distributed TechnologyAdvantages of Distributed DatabasesAdditional Functions of Distributed

Databases


Data Fragmentation, Replication, and Allocation Techniques for Distributed

Database DesignData FragmentationData Replication and AllocationExample of Fragmentation, Allocation, and

Replication


Types of Distributed Database Systems


Query Processing in Distributed Databases

Data Transfer Costs of Distributed Query Processing

Distributed Query Processing Using Semijoin

Query and Update Decomposition


Overview of Concurrency Control and Recovery in Distributed Databases

Distributed Concurrency Control Based on a Distinguished Copy of a Data Item

Distributed Concurrency Control Based on Voting

Distributed Recovery


An Overview of 3-Tier Client-Server Architecture


Distributed Databases in Oracle


Summary


Chapter 26

XML and Internet Databases


XML Hierarchical (Tree) Data Model


XLM Documents, DTD, and XML Schema

Well-Formed and Valid XML Documents and XML DTD

XML Schema


XML Documents and Databases

Approaches to Storing XML DocumentsExtracting XML Documents from

Relational DatabasesBreaking Cycles to Convert Graphs into

TreesOther Steps for Extracting XML

Documents from Databases


XML Query

XPath: Specifying Path Expressions in XML

XQuery: Specifying Queries in XML


Summary


Chapter 27

Data Mining Concepts


Overview of Data Mining Technology


Association Rules

Market-Basket Model, Support, and ConfidenceApriori AlgorithmSampling AlgorithmFrequent-Pattern Tree AlgorithmPartition AlgorithmOther Types of Association RulesAdditional Considerations for Association Rules


Classification


Clustering


Approaches to Other Data Mining Problems

Discovery of Sequential PatternsDiscovery of Patterns in Time SeriesRegressionNeural NetworksGenetic Algorithm


Applications of Data Mining


Commercial Data Mining Tools


Summary


Chapter 28

Overview of Data Warehousing and OLAP


Introduction, Definitions, and Terminology


Characteristics of Data Warehouses


Data Modeling for Data Warehouses


Building a Data Warehouse


Typical Functionality of a Data Warehouse


Data Warehouse Versus Views


Problems and Open Issues in Data Warehouses

Difficulties of Implementing Data Warehouses

Open Issues in Data Warehousing


Summary


Chapter 29Emerging Database Technologies and

Applications


Mobil Databases

Mobil Computing ArchitecturesCharacteristics of Mobile EnvironmentsData Management IssuesApplication: Intermittently Synchronized

DatabasesSelected Bibliography for Mobil Databases


Multimedia Databases

The Nature of Multimedia Data and Applications

Data Management IssuesOpen Research ProblemsMultimedia Database ApplicationsSelected Bibliography on Multimedia

Databases


Geographic Information Systems

GIS ApplicationsData Management Requirements lof GISSpecific GIS Data OperationsAn Example of a GIS Software: ARC-

INFOProblems and Future Issues in GISSelected Bibliography for GIS


Genome Data Management

Biological Sciences and GeneticsCharacteristics of Biological DataThe Human Genome Project and Existing

Biological DatabasesSelected Bibliography for Genome

Databases


Appendix A

Alternative Diagrammatic Notations for ER Models


Appendix C

Parameters of Disks


Appendix D

Overview of the QBE Language

Elmasri and Navathe DBMS Concepts 16

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