Transcript
ElectricityPrinciples of Electricity as it is related
to hair
Electricity• Form of energy – produces light,
heat, magnetic and chemical
changes.
Current
• Flow of electrons along a path called a conductor.
Load• Electrically
powered appliances
– Ex. Blowdryeror curling iron
Conductors
• Material that best transports electricity to a load.
– Silver and copper are best (contain ions)
– Water and human body are conductors
Insulators• Material that does not allow current to pass
through it.
• Protects user from current.
– Silk, wood, plastic, rubber, glass, paper, brick, cloth, alcohol, oil and pure distilled water.
– Old cords, rubber insulators with fabric coating.
• Became easily frayed, caused shorts
Cord Safety• Cord – copper wire insulated with rubber
• Keep cords free of kinks to prevent breakswhich might cause electrical shock.
Measures of Electricity
Amp• Measures the strength
• Power box to the house supplies amps.
• Amp rating show how much strength.
Volt• Measures pressure
• Measures how hard electrons are pushed by source.
• 110 to 220V
• 220 has V prongs on plug
• Large motors need 220
Ohm
• Measures Resistance
• Measures how difficult it is to push electrons through a conductor.
• OHM’s rating = resistance of motion of electrons.
Watt• Measures Amount
Used
• 1 watt is small amount of energy
• Blowdryer = 1000 watts per second
• 1000 watts = 1 kilowatt
Hertz
• Measures Frequency
• Hertz = Hz
• Nameplate gives listing of Hz
Electric Current• Exists in two forms:
– DC – Direct Current – electrons move at an
even rate; flow is in one direction.
– AC – Alternating Current – electrons flow first
in one direction and then in the other.
Sources of Electricity
• Converter changes DC to AC
• Rectifier changes AC to DC
Converter
Rectifier
Generator
• Produce alternating current
• Uses mechanical energy to produce flow of electrons.
Diesel Generator
Boiler/Steam Generator
Wind Generator
Solar Powered Generator
Battery
• Has a positive (+) and negative (-) terminal
• Produces direct current only
• Electrons flow toward positive terminal
Producing Electric Current
• Must have a SOURCE and CIRCUIT.
Circuit
Source
Circuit• Path through which electrons travel.
– Closed – Electrons leave the source and
operate an appliance.
– Open – Broken path of electron flow.
Open Closed
Parallel Wiring
• Several loads can operate at once or at different times;
• use parallel wiring in salon.
Parallel Wiring in the Salon
Series Wiring
• All loads must run at the same time
Overload• More current
flows than the line is designed to carry.
• Frequent problem due to the number of stylist and electrical itemsused in salons.
Short Circuit
• Be sure to check cords for any breaks in the wire.
– Often happens when curling
irons or flat irons are left on
and the cord comes in contact
with the hot iron causing the
cord to melt.
Safety Measures
Fuse
• Connects directly to the circuits in the power box
• Contains fine metal wire that allows current to flow through it.
• Overload = melted wire
• Fuse can not be reused
Circuit Breaker• Connects directly to the
circuits in the power box.
• Reusable device that breaks flow of current when over load occurs.
• 2 pieces of metal make contact-separate if circuit is broken.
Grounding Wire(3 – wire system)
• Protects user with
certain appliances
• Prevents excess flow of
current from going to
user
• 3 – prongs, round one
connects to grounded
wall socket
– It is not safe to plug a 3-
prong cord into a 2-prong socket.
Grounding Slot
First Aid for Shock• Step 1 – Knock person
out of the circuit by using an insulator; broom or plastic pail.
• Step 2 – Unplug the appliance use an insulator to avoid circuit.
• Step 3 – Rush to the power box and turn off all circuit breakers.
Local Shock Procedure• Local Shock - Passes
through small part of the body.– Immerse in cold water
immediately
– If severe – take tohospital
– Keep immersed untilcold and stopped swelling
– Blot dry and applyantiseptic cream
General Shock Procedure
• General Shock -Passes through the nervous system.
– First – Break the circuit
before touching the
person; dial 9-1-1.
– Start CPR; continue
with CPR until
emergency team
arrives.
Electrical Fires
Emergency Procedures
• Remember: NO WATER!
– Turn off the circuit
– Smother the fire with
rug, towel or powder.
Electricity By Use In the Salon
• Thermal/Heat Examples:
– Generates heat
– Curling Irons
• Combination Examples:
– Generates heat and produces flow
of air
– Blow Dryers
• Mechanical Examples:
– Has a motor
– Clippers
Electricity
Talking Points
Electricity in Cosmetology
Before Electricity
Effects of Electric Current
• Heating– More resistance = more heat
– Heating elements heat up when current flows through.
• Mechanical or Magnetic– Push – pull effect causes motor to turn
• Electrochemical– Electric current travels through a water –
based solution to produce relaxing or stimulating effects.
Electrotherapy
• Application of special currents (modalities) that have certain effects on the skin.
Electrode• Safe contact point
through which current can pass to client.
• Usually made fromcarbon, glass or metal.
• Requires two electrodes.– One negative and one
positive.
Polarity
• Indicates the negative or positive pole of an electric current.
– Positive electrode – anode – usually red and
marked with a “P” or “+” sign.
– Negative electrode – cathode – usually black and
marked with “N” or “-” sign.
Galvanic Current• Oldest form of electrotherapy
• Appliance (rectifier that is built into the machine) necessary to convert AC toDC
• Direct current – low volt and high amp
• Chemical effects caused by passing current through acid or alkaline solutions and/or by passing current through body tissues and fluids.
Effects of Galvanic CurrentPositive Pole (Anode)
Produces acidic reactions
Closes the pores
Soothes nerves
Decreases blood supply
Contracts blood vessels
Hardens and firms tissues
Negative Pole (Cathode)
Produces alkaline
reactions
Opens the pores
Stimulates and irritates
the nerves
Increases blood supply
Expands blood vessels
Softens tissues
How to Use Galvanic Current
Phoresis (Bleaching)• Process of forcing an acid
or alkali into the skin by
applying current to the
chemical.
• Chemical penetrates the
skin without breaking the
skin.
– Most typical application
of Galvanic Current
Anaphoresis
Negative Pole
• Process of forcing liquids into tissues from thenegative toward the positive pole. – Desincrustation – used to
soften and emulsify grease deposits (oil) and blackheads in the hair follicles.
– Used to treat acne, milia, and comedones.
Cataphoresis
Positive Pole
• Forces acidicsubstances into deeper tissues using galvanic current from the positive toward the negative pole.
Caution!!
Do not use negative galvanic current on skin with broken capillaries or pustular acne
conditions, or on a client with high blood pressure or
metal implants!!
How to Use Phoresis
Faradic• Alternating current; produces mechanical effect;
stimulates nerve and muscle tissue.
– Improved blood circulation, muscle tone, stimulation
of hair growth, increased glandular activity.
– Today it is primarily used to improve muscle tone.
Sinusoidal• Alternating current
• Mechanical effect• Penetrates deeper than faradic
• Greater Stimulation – causes muscle contractions
• Should never be used on unhealthy or broken skin.
Tesla• High-frequency current “violet ray”
• Alternating current – produces a vibrating effect making this a stimulating current.
• Different voltages produce heat
• Can offer stimulation or relaxation– Improved blood circulation
– Increased rate of metabolism
– Increased sebaceous gland activity
– Relieves Congestion
Faradic, Sinusoidal and Telsa are all alternating currents (AC).
Electrotherapy
Web
Light Therapy• Visible light is
electromagnetic radiation that we can see.– Also called “radiant energy” –
carries, or radiates, energy through space on waves.
– Distance between two successive peaks is called the wavelength.
• Low frequency – Long wavelengths (fewer waves).
• High frequency – Short wavelengths (more waves).
• Electromagnetic Spectrum – the entire range of electromagnetic radiation.
– Visible light – the part of the electromagnetic
spectrum that we can see.
• Makes up 35% of natural sunlight.
– Ultraviolet rays and Infrared rays – also forms
of electomagnetic radiation.
• Invisible – wavelengths are beyond the visible
spectrum of light.
• Makes up 65% of natural sunlight.
Infrared Rays• Make up 60% of
natural sunlight.
• Longer wavelengths
• Penetrate deeper
• Produce more heat
Infrared Lamps• Used mainly during
hair treatments and to process hair color.
– Operate at a
distance of at least
30 inches for
exposure time of
about 5 min.
– Never leave client
unattended.
Visible Light• Rays that are the primary source of light
used in facial and scalp treatments.
• Bulbs used are white, red and blue.
– White light – “combination light” – combination
of all visible rays of the spectrum.
Red
Orange
Yellow
Green
Blue
Indigo
Violet
Blue Light
• Only used on bare oily skin
• Contains fewer heat rays
• Least penetrating
• Some germicidal and chemical benefits
Red Light• Used on dry skin
in combination with oils and creams.
• Penetrates the deepest.
• Produces most heat.
Ultraviolet (UV) Rays• Make up 5% of natural sunlight
• Shorter wavelengths
• Penetrate less
• Produce less heat than visible light.
• Produce chemical effects and kills germs.
• Prompts the skin to produce Vitamin D
– Fat-soluble vitamin that promotes
mineralization of bones.
Overexposure to UV Rays• Can cause premature
aging of the skin and skin cancer!!– Over 1 million new cases of
skin cancer diagnosed each year.
– Estimated 1 in 5 Americans will develop skin cancer.
• 90% are result of overexposure to UV rays from sun, sun lamps, and tanning beds.
Before
After
Application of UV Rays• Can be beneficial if
done with utmost care.
• Apply with lamp at a distance of 30 to 36 inches.
• Begin with exposure times of 2 to 3 minutes.
– Gradually increase to 7
or 8 minutes.
Light Therapy
Web
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