Ecosystems, Biomes, and Climate JEOPARDY!! Species’ Interactions and Response to Disturbances (Communities) Populations’ Dynamics and Growth Weather and.

Ecosystems, Biomes, and ClimateJEOPARDY!!

Species’ Interactions and

Response to Disturbances

(Communities)

Populations’ Dynamics and

Growth

Weather and Climate

Climate and Biomes

Potpourri

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10 10 Species Interactions and

Response to Disturbances

Define and give two examples of resource partitioning and explain

how it can increase species diversity.

1010*Resource partitioning occurs when species competing for similar scarce resources evolve specialized traits that allow them to use shared resources at different times, in different ways, or in different places. *Some insect-eating bird species reduce competition by feeding in different portions of certain spruce trees and by feeding on different insect species. *Resource partitioning allows species to avoid niche overlap.

Species Interactions and Response to Disturbances

2020 Species Interactions and

Response to Disturbances

Describe three ways in which predators can increase their chances of feeding on their prey and three ways in which prey species can

avoid their predators.

20 20 Species Interactions and Response to

Disturbances

*Some ways that predators can increase their chances of feeding on their prey include camouflage, chemical warfare, ability to fly faster than the prey, and better vision.

*Some ways in which prey species can avoid their predators include camouflage, protective shells, chemical warfare and a highly developed sense of sight or smell that alerts them to the presence of predators.

3030 Species Interactions and Response to

Disturbances

Define and give an example of coevolution.

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30 30 Ch 8 Aquatic Biodiversity

**Coevolution occurs when populations of two different species interact in such a way over a long period of time; changes in the gene pool of one species can lead to changes in the gene pool of the other. Such changes can help both sides become more competitive, or avoid or reduce competition. *An example is bees and flowers or bats and moths.

30 30 Community 1Community 1

4040 Species Interactions and Response to

Disturbances

Define parasitism, mutualism, and commensalism and give an example of each.

40 40 Species Interactions and Response to Disturbances

*Parasitism occurs when one organism (the parasite) feeds on another organism (the host), usually by living on or in the host. An example is tick to human.

*Mutualism is an interaction that benefits both species by providing each with food, shelter, or some other resource. An example is bee to flower.

*Commensalism is an interaction that benefits one species but has little, if any, effect on the other. An example is epiphyte to tree.

50 50 Species Interactions and Response to

Disturbances

Distinguish between primary ecological succession and secondary

ecological succession and give an example of each.

5050

*Primary succession involves the gradual establishment of biotic communities in lifeless areas where there is no soil in a terrestrial ecosystem or no bottom sediment in an aquatic ecosystem.Examples include bare rock exposed by a retreating glacier (Figure 5-10), newly cooled lava, an abandoned highway or parking lot, and a newly created shallow pond or reservoir.

*Secondary succession occurs as a series of communities or ecosystems with different species develop in places containing soil or bottom sediment. This type of succession begins in an area where an ecosystem has been disturbed, removed, or destroyed, but some soil or bottom sediment remains. Candidates for secondary succession include abandoned farmland, burned or cut forests, heavily polluted streams, and land that has been flooded.

Species Interactions and Response to Disturbances

1010

Why do most populations live in clumps?

Populations’ Dynamics and

Growth

Most populations live in clumps because they cluster around resources, they have a better chance of getting resources in a clump, living in groups provides some protection from predators, and living in packs gives some predators a better chance of catching prey.

1010Populations’ Dynamics and Growth

2020

What is a population’s age structure and what are three major age groups

called?

Populations’ Dynamics and Growth

**Age structure refers to the number or percentage of males and females in young, middle, and older age groups. A diagram of the age structure of the human population might show the percentages of males and females in the total population in age categories: pre-reproductive (ages 0–14); reproductive (ages 15–44); and post-reproductive (age 45 and older).

2020 Populations’ Dynamics and Growth

3030

Distinguish between the environmental resistance and the carrying capacity of an environment, and use these concepts to explain why there are always limits to population growth in nature.

Populations’ Dynamics and Growth

**

**Environmental resistance is the combination of all factors that act to limit the growth of a population. It largely determines a population’s carrying capacity: the maximum population of a given species that a particular habitat can sustain indefinitely. *The growth rate of a population decreases as its size nears the carrying capacity of its environment because resources such as food, water, and space begin to dwindle.

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3030 Populations’ Dynamics and Growth

4040

Define population density and explain how some limiting factors can become more important as a population’s density increases.

Populations’ Dynamics and Growth

**Population density is the number of individuals in a population found within a defined area or volume. *Limiting factors become more important as population density increases because things like diseases can spread quickly through dense populations.

4040 Populations’ Dynamics and

Growth

5050

Define and give an example of a population crash. Explain why humans are not exempt from nature’s population controls. .

Populations’ Dynamics and Growth

5050**A population may suffer a dieback, or population crash, if it uses up its resource supplies and temporarily overshoots, or exceeds, the carrying capacity of the environment. The reindeer population crashed when they were introduced onto a small island in the Bering Sea.

**Humans are not exempt from population crashes when they have used up their resources, as seen with the Irish potato famine. Speaking on a global scale, there is no place for us to come from (immigration) or go to (emigration). That means population change is limited to births minus deaths. To put it in the crudest of terms, we must either reduce the number of births or increase the number of deaths in order to stabilize or reduce our population. If we choose not to undertake that change, nature will do so as we exceed our carrying capacity.

Populations’ Dynamics and Growth

10 10 Weather and ClimateWeather and Climate

Distinguish between weather and climate.

**Weather is a set of physical conditions of the lower atmosphere such as temperature, precipitation, humidity, wind speed, cloud cover, and other factors in a given area over a period of hours or days.

**Climate is an area’s general pattern of atmospheric conditions over periods ranging from at least three decades to thousands of years.

1010 Weather and Weather and ClimateClimate

2020

Why are oceans responsible for the earth’s temperature and climate?

Weather and Weather and ClimateClimate

 Land quickly absorbs and reflects solar energy back to space, whereas bodies of water hold on to solar energy and release it back slowly to space. This helps to keep warmth on our planet, which is distributed by ocean currents.

2020 Weather and Weather and ClimateClimate

3030

Explain how convection circulates warm air and cold air in the

atmosphere.

Weather and Weather and ClimateClimate

3030 Weather and Weather and ClimateClimate

Air at the equator is warmer and less dense, so it rises in the atmosphere north and south away from the equator. As it rises, it starts to cool, become more dense, and sinks back to the equator. .

4040Explain how convection

circulates deep currents and surface currents.

Weather and ClimateWeather and Climate

4040 Weather and Weather and ClimateClimate

Cold, deep currents along the ocean floor are eventually drawn up to become warm surface currents carried by the wind. When cold currents reach the surface, it is warmed by the sun and becomes a warm surface current.

5050What do the circuit What do the circuit movement of rising movement of rising warm and sinking warm and sinking

cold air form in the cold air form in the atmosphere? How atmosphere? How many are there?many are there?

Weather and Weather and ClimateClimate

5050 Weather and Weather and ClimateClimate

convection cells--- there are 6 giant convection cells

1010 Climate and Biomes

What is the rain shadow effect and how can it lead to the formation of deserts?

1010 Climate and Biomes

**rain shadow effect is a reduction of rainfall and loss of moisture from the landscape on the side of mountains facing away from prevailing surface winds. Warm, moist air in onshore winds loses most of its moisture as rain and snow on the windward slopes of a mountain range. This leads to semi-arid and arid conditions on the leeward side of the mountain range and the land beyond.

2020 Explain why there are three major types of each of the major biomes (deserts, grasslands, and forests).

Climate and Biomes

2020 Climate and Biomes

The three major biomes are determined by the amount of precipitation.

Differences in climate, mostly from average annual precipitation and temperature, lead to the formation of tropical (hot), temperate (moderate), and polar (cold) deserts, grasslands, and forests.

3030Climate and Biomes

What type of information does weather give you? List all four.

3030 Climate and Biomes

PrecipitationTemperatureHumidityWind

4040 Climate and Biomes

What four things determine a place’s climate?

4040Climate and Biomes

WindWindOcean currentsOcean currentsMountainsMountainsLatitudeLatitude. .

5050 Climate and Biomes

What are the three major climate zones?

5050 Climate and Biomes

PolarTemperateTropical

1010

My name is Bond, Ionic Bond;Taken, not shared!

Genetics 2Genetics 2

10 Population Growth

From: Mariano Cecowski <MCecowski#NoSpam.sif.com.ar>

Q: if both a bear in Yosemite and one in Alaska fall into the waterwhich one disolves faster?

A: The one in Alaska because it is

HIJKLMNO

10 Population Growth

Alimentary: What Sherlock Holmes said to Dr. Watson.

Urinate: What a nurse would say if a patient asked her what room he's in.

Urine - The opposite of "You're out!"Benign: What we want when we are eight.

Intestine - Currently taking an exam

CARDIOLOGY: advanced study of poker playing

TERMINAL ILLNESS: getting sick at the airport

1010 PotpourriPotpourri

List the defining features of the atmospheric layers.

1010 PotpourriPotpourri

**temperatures**air pressure**solar energy**gases in layer

1010 Genetics 2Genetics 2

2020 Potpourri

What is air pressure?

The effect of all the gas molecules being pulled toward the earth via gravity, causing molecules to push down on the planet.

2020PotpourriPotpourri

3030 PotpourriPotpourri

What is the Gulf Stream?

3030 PotpourriPotpourri

*Warm water current in the Atlantic Ocean

3030 Genetics 2Genetics 2

4040 Potpourri Potpourri

Describe the exploding white-tailed deer population problem in the United States and discuss options for dealing with it.

4040 PotpourriThere are 25– 30 million white- tailed deer in the United States. Laws to protect deer have restricted hunting and natural predators such as wolves and mountain lions have been nearly eliminated. During the last 50 years, large numbers of Americans have moved into the wooded habitat of deer and provided them with flowers, garden crops, and other plants they like to eat. In some forests, they are consuming native ground cover vegetation and allowing nonnative weed species to take over. Deer also spread Lyme disease to humans. Each year there are 1.5 million deer– vehicle collisions which injure at least 14,000 people and kill at least 200. Options for dealing with the deer overpopulation include the following: 

Changing hunting regulations to allow killing of more female deer. Since it is too dangerous to allow widespread hunting with guns in populated communities, hire licensed archers who use bows and arrows to help reduce deer numbers. However, animal activists argue that this is cruel and inhumane treatment.

Scare off deer by spraying the scent of deer predators or rotting deer meat or using electronic equipment that emits high-frequency sounds, which humans cannot hear.

Surround their gardens with high fencing. Such deterrents may protect one area, but cause the deer to seek food in someone else’s yard or garden.

Deer can be trapped and moved from one area to another. This is expensive and must be repeated whenever deer move back into an area.

Put deer on birth control by shooting females with darts loaded with a contraceptive.

5050 PotpourriPotpourri

In terms of stability of ecosystems, distinguish between inertia (persistence) and resilience and give an example of each.

5050 Potpourri

There are two aspects of stability in living systems:

*One is inertia, or persistence: the ability of a living system, such as a grassland or a forest, to survive moderate disturbances, such as mild drought.

*A second factor is resilience: the ability of a living system to be restored through secondary succession after a moderate disturbance, such as a wildfire.