Biomes Biotic & Abiotic Factors Terrestrial Biomes Aquatic Biomes Biotic & Abiotic Factors Terrestrial Biomes Aquatic Biomes.

BiomesBiomes

Biotic & Abiotic FactorsTerrestrial Biomes

Aquatic Biomes

Biotic & Abiotic FactorsTerrestrial Biomes

Aquatic Biomes

A. BiomesMajor types of terrestrial ecosystems.

Distribution of biomes largely depends on climate (temperature & rainfall).

Climate is determined by the Earth’s tilt & uneven heating of Earth’s surface.

A. BiomesMajor types of terrestrial ecosystems.

Distribution of biomes largely depends on climate (temperature & rainfall).

Climate is determined by the Earth’s tilt & uneven heating of Earth’s surface.

Tilt produces seasons in northern & southern hemispheres.

Earth’s tilt produces…?Earth’s tilt produces…?

Unequal heating causes air movements that distribute moisture.

Unequal heating causes air movements that distribute moisture.

Altitude influences climate - conditions usually become drier & colder as altitude increases.

Air circulation & biomesAir circulation & biomes

• Note the closed air cells?

• Wind patterns distribute suns heat=??

• Ocean currents too related to weather??

• Note the closed air cells?

• Wind patterns distribute suns heat=??

• Ocean currents too related to weather??

Elevation & biomesElevation & biomes

Rain shadow effectRain shadow effect

Earth’s major biomesEarth’s major biomes

BiomeBiome

• Biome: a large region characterized by a specific type of climate and certain types of plant and animal communities

• Biome: a large region characterized by a specific type of climate and certain types of plant and animal communities

Biotic & AbioticFactors

Biotic & AbioticFactors

Biotic FactorsBiotic Factors

• Biotic Factors: the biological influences on organisms within an ecosystem– Birds, Trees, Mushrooms, Bacteria

• Biotic Factors: the biological influences on organisms within an ecosystem– Birds, Trees, Mushrooms, Bacteria

Abiotic FactorsAbiotic Factors

• Abiotic Factors: physical, or nonliving, factors that shape ecosystems– Climate (temperature, precipitation,

humidity, etc.)– Wind, Nutrient Availability, Soil Type,

Sunlight, etc.

• Abiotic Factors: physical, or nonliving, factors that shape ecosystems– Climate (temperature, precipitation,

humidity, etc.)– Wind, Nutrient Availability, Soil Type,

Sunlight, etc.

Hawk PlantsInsect

sFish Snake Bacteria

Sunlight

pH TempHumidit

yAcid Rain

Soil Type

Together, biotic and abiotic factors determine the survival and growth

of an organism and the productivity of the ecosystem in

which the habitat lives.

Together, biotic and abiotic factors determine the survival and growth

of an organism and the productivity of the ecosystem in

which the habitat lives.

Terrestrial Biomes

Terrestrial Biomes

Coniferous ForestConiferous Forest

Deciduous ForestDeciduous Forest

Tropical ForestTropical Forest

DesertDesert

SavannaSavanna

GrasslandGrassland

TundraTundra

ChaparralChaparral

AquaticBiomesAquaticBiomes

Marine

ZonationZonation

EstuariesEstuaries

IntertidalZoneIntertidalZone

FreshwaterFreshwater

Aquatic Ecosystems Freshwater Ecosystems• Lakes and Ponds (standing water)

Aquatic Ecosystems Freshwater Ecosystems• Lakes and Ponds (standing water)

littoral zonelimnetic zoneprofundal zonebenthic zone

• Littoral zone - shallow area where light reaches the bottom; contains the greatest number & diversity of organisms (rooted plants, phytoplankton, zooplankton, insects, fish, reptiles).

• Limnetic zone - upper layer of open water; extends down as far as light reaches. Find phytoplankton, zooplankton & fishes.

• Profundal zone - deeper layer of open water; light does not penetrate. Find scavengers & decomposers.

• Benthic zone - lake bottom. Find scavengers & decomposers.

• Littoral zone - shallow area where light reaches the bottom; contains the greatest number & diversity of organisms (rooted plants, phytoplankton, zooplankton, insects, fish, reptiles).

• Limnetic zone - upper layer of open water; extends down as far as light reaches. Find phytoplankton, zooplankton & fishes.

• Profundal zone - deeper layer of open water; light does not penetrate. Find scavengers & decomposers.

• Benthic zone - lake bottom. Find scavengers & decomposers.

Oxygen & nutrients (nitrogen/phosphorus) are unevenly distributed in lakes.– O2 level is highest near surface– nutrient level is highest near bottom

Oxygen & nutrients are redistributed by:– wind (ponds & shallow lakes)

– fall & spring turnover (deep lakes in temperate regions)

Oxygen & nutrients (nitrogen/phosphorus) are unevenly distributed in lakes.– O2 level is highest near surface– nutrient level is highest near bottom

Oxygen & nutrients are redistributed by:– wind (ponds & shallow lakes)

– fall & spring turnover (deep lakes in temperate regions)

Oligotrophic lakes– young; low in nutrients & productivity– clear & sparkling blue– deep water is oxygen-rich

Eutrophic lakes– older; nutrient rich & high in productivity– green & murky

– O2 often depleted in deep water during summer

Nutrients in sewage & agricultural runoff speed eutrophication.

Oligotrophic lakes– young; low in nutrients & productivity– clear & sparkling blue– deep water is oxygen-rich

Eutrophic lakes– older; nutrient rich & high in productivity– green & murky

– O2 often depleted in deep water during summer

Nutrients in sewage & agricultural runoff speed eutrophication.

• Rivers and Streams (running water)Transport rainwater, groundwater, snowmelt &

sediment from land to ocean or lake.

• Rivers and Streams (running water)Transport rainwater, groundwater, snowmelt &

sediment from land to ocean or lake.

At headwaters:channel is narrowwater is clear & oxygen-richcurrent is swift

At mouth:channel widens

water is murky & contains less oxygencurrent slows, depositing sediment

2. Marine Ecosystems• Coastal Ecosystems

Include estuaries, mangrove swamps, the intertidal zone & coral reefs.

Estuary - area where fresh water of river meets salty water of ocean.

2. Marine Ecosystems• Coastal Ecosystems

Include estuaries, mangrove swamps, the intertidal zone & coral reefs.

Estuary - area where fresh water of river meets salty water of ocean.

water is brackishsalinity fluctuatesvery productivehigh biodiversitynursery for many ocean animals

Ocean currents & biomesOcean currents & biomes

Mangrove Swamp - tropical wetland dominated by salt-tolerant plants (mangroves).

Mangrove Swamp - tropical wetland dominated by salt-tolerant plants (mangroves).

transitional zone between forest & oceansalinity fluctuatesplants have aerial rootshigh biodiversity

Intertidal Zone - area along coast between high & low tides.

Intertidal Zone - area along coast between high & low tides.

organisms adapted to pounding waves & varying degrees of desiccationlow productivity

Coral Reef - underwater deposits of calcium carbonate formed by colonies of animals.

very productivehigh biodiversityvery fragile

• Ocean Ecosystem– covers 71% of Earth’s surface– temperature: 35oF - 81oF– sunlight quickly dissipates with depth– primary producers are photoautotrophs

(found near surface) & chemoautotrophs (found at deep-sea hydrothermal vents)

– highest productivity near upwellings (occurs on western side of continents)

• Ocean Ecosystem– covers 71% of Earth’s surface– temperature: 35oF - 81oF– sunlight quickly dissipates with depth– primary producers are photoautotrophs

(found near surface) & chemoautotrophs (found at deep-sea hydrothermal vents)

– highest productivity near upwellings (occurs on western side of continents)

And, what did we learn?And, what did we learn?

• What is a biome? • List 2 major factors that determine?• List 7 major biomes & climates• Compare freshwater ecosystems• Lakes vs flowing sources• Marine ecosystems (coastal & open)

• What is a biome? • List 2 major factors that determine?• List 7 major biomes & climates• Compare freshwater ecosystems• Lakes vs flowing sources• Marine ecosystems (coastal & open)