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Economic Impact of Drought on
Balanced Development of Pakistan:
Inter-disciplinary Approach of
Drought Risk Assessment
Asian Water Cycle Symposium 2016,
University of Tokyo,
March 1-2, 2016
Muneta Yokomatsu, Yushi Suzuki, Hiroaki Ishiwata, Yohei Sawada,
Asif Naseer, Muhammad Jehanzeb Masud Cheema, Toshio Koike
Impact on Drought Stress
� Drought is one of meteorological disasters that result in
serious damage to the economic activity around the world.
� Serious damage occurs in the agricultural sector, the
impact will spread to households and other sectors.
� Lack of water and food caused by drought, and
deterioration of sanitary condition lead to social unrest
such as immigration and conflict. Human lives are lost due
to large-scale famine and disease in the worst case.
1
Introduction
Reference: REUTERS (Feb. 4, 2011)
Fig. Agricultural land during drought
Table Classification and definition of drought
Classification of drought Definition
Meteorological drought Periods that precipitation is extremely
small continue.
Hydrological drought Periods that the water levels such as
streamflow, water reservoir, and
groundwater are extremely low continue.
Agricultural drought Agricultural production is decreased
mainly by lack of soil moisture.
Economic Aspect of the Drought Risk
�While the integration of knowledge about drought is
progressing in the field of meteorology, hydrology, agriculture,
etc., socio-economic risks are not recognized correctly.
� Since a part of the drought damage is mainly indirect, the total
damage should be simulated with consideration of market
transaction.
• E.g.) Data of total damage such as crops and livestock in EM-
DAT database does not include indirect effects.
Purpose
�Quantitative analysis of economic impact of drought, by
integrating a hydrological model and an economic model
Purpose
Hydrological Model: Hydrological-Dynamic Vegetation Model
� Express the process that meteorological drought causes
agricultural drought.
Economic Model: Multi-Sector and Multi-Region Model
� Evaluate the impact that agricultural drought affects overall
economy.
3
Framework
Fig. Research framework
Reference:
Basic Framework of General Equilibrium Model
Households Firms
Capital
Product Markets
Land, etc.
Factor Markets
Labor
Government
Rest of the world
Public goods,
Transfer
Public
goods
Taxes
Intermediate
demand
ProvisionConsumption
Savings
Imports Imports
Exports
Government
savings & debts
Investment
demand
Transaction of bonds
Government
consumption
4
Reference:
Disaster, Mitigation Policy, and Economic Growth
5
GDP
without disaster
Disaster
Event
With DRR Investment
(with disaster)
Without DRR
Investment
(with disaster)
Time
Effect of DRR
Gap expanding!
What is the macroeconomic benefit of the investment in disaster risk
reduction (DRR)?
Focus of the study
� Frequent occurrence of draught.
� Three regions in the model: Punjab, Sindh, the Rest of
Pakistan (ROP)
6
Pakistan
Fig. Map of Pakistan
Table Recorded drought in Pakistan (1871-2000)
Reference: Ahmad et al. (2004)
Table Overview of main provinces of Pakistan
Name of Province Drought Occurrence Year
Punjab 1899, 1920, 1935
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 1902, 1951
Sindh 1871, 1881, 1899, 1931, 1947, 1999
Service
Three-Sector-Three-Region Closed-Economy Model
7
Pakistan
Rest of Pakistan (ROP)
Service
Punjab
Service
Manufacturing
Sindh
AgricultureAgriculture
Manufacturing
ManufacturingAgriculture
Labor Capital
Market of Service and Land is closed in each region.
Land,
Water
Land,
Water
Land,
Water
Irrigable Land
�Agricultural land which is provided water by irrigation
facilities
Rainfed Land
� Agricultural land which depends only on precipitation
8
Agricultural Land
Photo. Irrigable land
Source: Pakistan Today (Sept. 21, 2012)
Leaf Area Index (LAI)
� The ratio of the total area of one side of leaves to the unit
land area
� Higher LAI is, more vegetation exists, namely, more
preferable agricultural land is. (A positive correlation
between annual maximum LAI and agricultural production
is verified).
9
Leaf Area Index (LAI)
Fig. Comparison of LAI observed value by GLASSLAI and LAI simulation results by AgriCLVDAS (winter)
Indicator of LAI composite
� Weighted sum of LAI of several representative crops across several
periods
� Applied to calibrate parameters of the land-water composite
� The total amount of available water in the irrigable land is assumed
by the sum of precipitation, irrigation water, and ground water.
� Performance level of irrigation facilities is treated as a policy variable.
10
The Model (1): Leaf Area Index (LAI)
Available waterAvailable land
Precipitation
River water Groundwater
Performance
Level of canal
irrigation
Performance level
of underground
irrigation
Available water in irrigable land:
Available water in rainfed land:
Land-water composite
Indicator of LAI composite
Production Technology of Agricultural Sector
� Value added of agricultural production is composed of labor, capital and
land-water composite.
� Two types of the land-water composite for irrigation land and rainfed land.
Production Technology of Manufacturing and Service Sector� Factor of production of value-added function of manufacturing sector: labor, capital
and land
� Factor of production of value-added function of service sector: labor, capital
� Both value-added functions are specified by Cobb-Douglas form.
� Intermediate goods are input in a way of Leontief function. 11
The Model (2): Production Technology
Intermediate
goods
(Agriculture)
Intermediate
goods
(Manufacturing)
Intermediate
goods
(Service)
Value added (Agriculture)
Labor Capital L-W composite
of irrigable landL-W composite
of rainfed land
1. Precipitation rank as random variable is determined.
Event Sequence and Equilibrium
Period t Period t+1
①Determination ofprecipitation rank
②Household activity(Supply of production
factors, consumption, etc.)
③Firms activity(Demand of production
factors, production, etc.)
④Market equilibrium ⑤Increase of total population
and total amount
of capital
⑥The same cycle as period t
Time
Precipitation
rank
Probability
(%)
Precipitation (km3/year)
Punjab Sindh ROP
1 5.3 37.1 1.9 62.8
2 22.8 48.7 8.9 81.5
3 42.1 60.3 15.8 100.3
4 28.1 76.7 31.8 125.0
5 1.8 93.1 47.8 149.8
In each period,
2. Households supply their labor and capital to firms,
consume final goods, and save fixed percentage of income.
13
Event Sequence and Equilibrium
Period t Period t+1
①Determination ofprecipitation rank
②Household activity(Supply of production
factors, consumption, etc.)
③Firms activity(Demand of production
factors, production, etc.)
④Market equilibrium ⑤Increase of total population
and total amount
of capital
⑥The same cycle as period t
Time
max �(�)
�� = (1 − �){ + �� + ∑ �}subject to
� : consumption bundle (vector), �: price vector,
: wage, �: interest rate, �: capital, �: rent income
�: Utility
IncomeConsumption
rate
Budget constraint
3. Firms demand the factors of production and the
intermediate goods, and produce the final goods.
Event Sequence and Equilibrium
Period t Period t+1
①Determination ofprecipitation rank
②Household activity(Supply of production
factors, consumption, etc.)
③Firms activity(Demand of production
factors, production, etc.)
④Market equilibrium ⑤Increase of total population
and total amount
of capital
⑥The same cycle as period t
Time
Y=min ! ", $, % , Intermediate inputssubject to
max Π(* ", $) = +,* − " − �-K
/ : Production function, *: products, +,: value-added price, : wage, �-: interest rate, ": labor, $: capital, X: Land-water composite
*, ", $
Profit
Production technology
4. All the markets (products markets and factor markets)
clear at the equilibrium: demands and supplies are
balanced at the equilibrium price .
Event Sequence and Equilibrium
Period t Period t+1
①Determination ofprecipitation rank
②Household activity(Supply of production
factors, consumption, etc.)
③Firms activity(Demand of production
factors, production, etc.)
④Market equilibrium ⑤Increase of total population
and total amount
of capital
⑥The same cycle as period t
Time
price
quantity
Demand
Supply
�, , �, �
Event Sequence and Equilibrium
5. Population increases, and total amount of capital is
increased by investment (=households’ savings).
6. Move to the next period, and repeat the cycle from 1.
16
Period t Period t+1
①Determination ofprecipitation rank
②Household activity(Supply of production
factors, consumption, etc.)
③Firms activity(Demand of production
factors, production, etc.)
④Market equilibrium ⑤Increase of total population
and total amount
of capital
⑥The same cycle as period t
Time
Available water
�A sample case that most severe drought (the scale of
once-in-50 years) occurs in 3rd, 7th and 12th period
17
Simulation Results: Sample Path Analysis (1)
Severe droughtLarge precipitation
Table. Precipitation ranks, probabilities and precipitation
※ Base year (first period) is set at 2010. Exogenous technological development rate of labor is 0%.
Fig. Sample path of precipitation and water of canal irrigation
Precipi-
tation
rank
Probability
(%)
Precipitation (km3/year)
Punjab Sindh ROP
1 5.3 37.1 1.9 62.8
2 22.8 48.7 8.9 81.5
3 42.1 60.3 15.8 100.3
4 28.1 76.7 31.8 125.0
5 1.8 93.1 47.8 149.8
18
Production
�Agricultural production drops in drought period.
Fig. Transition of Agricultural production
Simulation Results: Sample Path Analysis (2)
19
Simulation Results: Sample Path Analysis (3)
Fig. Transition of goods of each sector
(Price of manufacturing goods is set at numéraire.)
Prices
�Decrease of Ag-production causes price increase of Ag-
goods.
Ag-price drops in
period of high
precipitation.
Sectoral GDP (= Value-added price x Production )
�GDP of agricultural sector does not decrease so much
in draught period because of the price increase.
�Manufacturing sector and service sector suffer indirect
damages through transaction of intermediate goods.
20
Simulation Results: Sample Path Analysis (4)
GRP (Regional GDP)
�Negative impact on GRP by drought is large in Punjab
and Sindh because of large indirect effect on Non-Ag
sectors.
21
Simulation Results: Sample Path Analysis (5)
Fig. Transition of regional GDP
GDP and utility
� GDP that includes both direct and indirect impacts of draught
drops in drought periods.
� Owing to the cancelling effect of price, fluctuation of GDP is mild,
while paths of GDP per capita and utility (function of absolute
amount of consumption) is more sensitive.
22
Simulation Results: Sample Path Analysis (6)
Fig. Transition of GDP
Fig. Transition of GDP per capita Fig. Transition of utility
Comparative dynamics with respect to irrigation efficiency
�Higher irrigation efficiency attains higher economic growth.
23
Policy Analysis 1: Improvement of Irrigation Facility
Fig. Transition of GDP Fig. Transition of GDP per capita
Reallocation of river water between Punjab and Sindh (-20% ~ +20%) by
dam control
24Fig. GRP growth of Punjab
Policy Analysis 2: Regional reallocation of river water
Fig. GRP growth of Sindh
v
Enlarged viewEnlarged view
v
� Although Punjab has already been allocated more water than
Sindh, further transfer from Sindh to Punjab increases GDP.
� Considering sizes of farm lands, current policy seems to allocate
too much water to Sindh.
25
Policy Analysis 2: Regional reallocation of river water
Fig. GDP per capita
v
Enlarged view
� Integration of a hydrological model and an economic growth
model
• Leaf Area Index (LAI), derived in the hydrological-vegetation model,
was incorporated into production function of the economic model.
Hydrological results provided a rationale for relationship between
water resources and land.
�Quantitative evaluation of economic impacts of drought and
irrigation facilities
• With stochastic precipitation process, economic growth paths, both
regional and sectoral, were derived as well as effects of improvement
of irrigation facilities and regional reallocation of river water.
26
Summary: Results
Summary: Future works
�Monte-Carlo simulation
�Dependency of productivity of land-water composite on
sequential drought
27
For example,
Dummy variable
1)
2)
If and ,
, otherwise 0.
Summary: Future works
� Stepwise improvement of irrigation facilities and
consideration of construction costs
2828
Precipitation
River water Groundwater
Available water in irrigable land:
Available water in rainfed land:
28
Level of
canal
irrigation
Level of
underground
irrigation
For example,
Depreciation Investment
Cost :
29
Thank you very much!
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