Ebonie J.. Cell membrane: the outside layer that determines what goes in and what goes out of the cell Cell wall: mostly in plant cells, covers the.
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LS HAT REVIEW Ebonie J.
LS.2 CELL THEORY KEY TERMS
Cell membrane: the outside layer that determines what goes in and what goes out of the cell
Cell wall: mostly in plant cells, covers the outside of the cell and acts as protection
Cytoplasm: the jelly-like substance floating in the cell Vacuole: acts as a storage tank for food, wastes, and water Mitochondrion: acts as the powerhouse of the cell Endoplasmic Reticulum: transports things around the cell Nucleus: the control center or brain of the cell Chloroplast: contains chlorophyllSimilarities between plant and animal cells Plant and animal cells both have membranes, cytoplasm,
vacuoles, mitochondrion, and an endoplasmic reticulum, but animal cells don’t have cell walls or chloroplasts.
LABELS OF ANIMAL AND PLANT CELLS
Cell wallCytoplasm
Cell membrane
Vacuole
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Nuclear Membrane
ERMitochondrion
Golgi Bodies
Cell Membrane
Cytoplasm
NucleusNucleolus
Nuclear Membrane
Vacuole
Mitochondrion ER
Golgi Bodies
CELL THEORY
1. All living things are composed of cells2. Cells are the basic unit of function and
structure of living things3. All cells come from other cells
Scientist Discovery Cell Theory
Robert Hooke Looked at cork; noticed boxes like cells
1 and 2
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
Viewed animalcules; first to see bacteria
1 and 2
Matthias Schleiden Concluded all plant parts are made up of cells
1 and 2
Rudolf Vischow Cells come from existing cells 3
TYPES OF CELL DIVISION/ MITOSIS
What is the difference between passive and active transport? Passive is when the molecules travel from a higher concentrated area to lower one through different pressures, but active is the same without the pressures.
Mitosis Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Mitosis is asexual, but meiosis is sexual.
LS.3 CELL ORGANIZATION KEY TERMS Unicellular: single-celled, one cell Multicellular: more than one cell Respiration: the process of breathing Digestion: breaking down food Excretion: waste Growth: how an organism develops into a adult Reproduction: to produce more of oneself Active Transport: molecules going from higher to
lower concentration Passive Transport: molecules going from higher to
lower concentration with different pressures
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
1. Cells2. Tissues3. Organs 4. Organ System5. Organism
TYPES OF TRANSPORT
Define osmosis: Osmosis is when a big molecule travels from high concentration to low concentration.
Describe what is happening in the picture above: The solute is passing through the barrier and going into a lower concentrated area
Define diffusion: Diffusion is when molecules spread or dissolve from a high concentrated area to a lower one.
Describe what is happening in the picture above: The red molecules are spreading or dissolving from a high concentrated area to a lower one.
LS.13 GENETICS KEY TERMS
DNA – contains your genetic make-up Gene – a specific trait Allele – pairs of genes Homozygous – pure genotype Heterozygous – different genotype Chromosome – made up of DNA Phenotype – your genes appearance Genotype – the letters of your genes Dominant – the capital letter in a genotype Recessive – the lower-case letter in a genotype Hybrid – different genotype (heterozygous)
ROLE OF DNA
DNA is coded instruction that store and pass genetic information from one generation to the next.DNA rungs are made of four sets of nitrogen bases and a backbone of phosphate and sugar.Nitrogen BasesAdenine - ThymineThymine - AdenineCytosine - GuanineGuanine – Cytosine
ROLE OF DNA (CONTINUED)
Mendel – father of genetics Watson & Crick – created the 1st model
of DNA; won the Nobel prize Wilkins & Franklin – took pictures of
DNA
PUNNET SQUARES
2 possible phenotypes – yellow and green
3 possible genotypes – YY Yy yy Yy – heterozygous YY, yy – homozygous YY, Yy – dominant/ yy – recessive Green Yellow
2:450%½
2:450%½
YY Yy yy
0%00
2:450%½
2:450%½
LS.5 CLASSIFICATION KEY TERMS
Taxonomic key: statements that describe the physical characteristics of an organism
Dichotomous key: a key that categorizes species Phototroprism: an organism’s response to light Eutrophication: rich nutrients in a lake Succession: predictable changes in a community Dormancy: a state of quiet Hibernation: a state of greatly reduced body
activity in the winter
LEVELS OF CLASSIFICATION
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus SpeciesKing Phillip Came Over For Good Spaghetti
BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE
Pisum sativam Rana hexadactyla Mangifera indica Felis domestica Ficus bengalensis Canis familiaris Glycine max Naja naja The genus is in yellow and the species
is underlined
ANIMAL PHYLAAnimal Phylum
Snail Mollusk
Fish Chordate
Earthworm Annelids
Anemone Cnidarians
Frog Chordate
Jellyfish Cnidarians
Starfish Echinoderms
Alligator Chordate
Crayfish Chordate
Ant Arthopods
Elephant Chordate
Coral Cnidarian
PLANT PHYLA
1. Mosses – club moss2. Ferns – Silver fern3. Conifer – pine tree4. Flowering plants - tulips
THE SIX KINGDOMSArchaebacteria Unicellular/multicellular
Prokaryote/eukaryoteHeterotroph/autotrophAsexual/sexualAquatic/terrestrial/airMotile/non-motile
Eubacteria Unicellular/multicellularProkaryote/eukaryoteHeterotroph/autotrophAsexual/sexualAquatic/terrestrial/airMotile/non-motile
Protista Unicellular/multicellularProkaryote/eukaryoteHeterotroph/autotrophAsexual/sexualAquatic/terrestrial/airMotile/non-motile
Fungi Unicellular/multicellularProkaryote/eukaryoteHeterotroph/autotrophAsexual/sexualAquatic/terrestrial/airMotile/non-motile
Plant Unicellular/multicellularProkaryote/eukaryoteHeterotroph/autotrophAsexual/sexualAquatic/terrestrial/airMotile/non-motile
Animal Unicellular/multicellularProkaryote/eukaryoteHeterotroph/autotrophAsexual/sexualAquatic/terrestrial/airMotile/non-motile
LS.6 PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Photosynthesis is the foundation of all food webs.
Equation for photosynthesis Reactants: carbon dioxide, water Products: carbohydrates, oxygen
LS.7 ENERGY FLOW KEY TERMS
Producer: an organism that makes it’s own food
Consumer: an organism that doesn’t make it’s own food
Decomposer: an organism that breaks down dead organisms
Heterotroph: an organism that eats other things
Autotroph: an organism that makes it’s food
THE WATER CYCLE
Condensation
Condensation
Precipitation
Evaporation
Sun
Ocean
Evaporation: when the water turns into water vapor and starts floating upwardCondensation: when the vapor turns into cloudsPrecipitation: the water falls from the clouds
THE CARBON CYCLE
In this cycle, the regular carbon is being turned into alternative fuel by grounding corn.
THE NITROGEN CYCLE
FOOD CHAIN AND WEB PRACTICE
Producer: grass 1st consumer: ant 2nd consumer: spider What is the difference between a food
chain and a food web? A food chain only maps 1 path, but a
food web shows more than 1 path.
ENERGY PYRAMID
Owl
Snake
Mouse
Grass
ENERGY FLOW MATCHING
1. B Herbivore2. E Carnivore3. C Decomposer4. D Omnivore5. A Producer6. F Consumers A. an organism that can use sunlight in order to produce its own food
(autotroph)B. an organism that only eats producersC. an organism that breaks down dead or decaying organismsD. an organism that will eat producers and consumersE. an organism that will only eat other consumersF. an organism that eats in order to obtain energy (heterotroph)
COMMUNITIES KEY TERMS
Competition: struggle for limited resources Cooperation: working together Social hierarchy: the chain of importance within a
species Territorial imperative: to claim or defend a territory Niche: an organism’s role in an ecosystem Predator: a carnivore that hunts animals for food Prey: the animal that the predator hunts Parasite: an organism that lives on and harms the host Host: a organism that provides a source of energy for
a virus
SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIPS
A. Commensalism – one animal benefits and the other is not helped or harmed
B. Mutualism – both partners benefit from living together C. Parasitism – one organism live on another harming the other B 1. Plover bird gets food by acting as a toothpick for a
crocodile. A 2. The cattle egret eats the insects that are escaping as
cattle graze in the field. C 3. A tick sucks the blood from a deer. C 4. A tapeworm in a dog gains energy from the dog but the
dog loses nutrition due to the tapeworm. B 5. Ostriches and zebras move together to warn each other of
impending danger because the ostrich sees well and the zebra hears well.
ADAPTION AND CHANGE KEY TERMS
Eutrophication: buildup over time of nutrients *phototropism: organism’s response to light *community: all the different populations in one area *population: all the members of one species in one area *biome: a group of ecosystems with similar climates and
organisms *ecosystem: all the living and nonliving things that
interact in an area *adaptation: a characteristic that helps an organism
survive *permafrost: soil that is frozen all year *taiga: a swampy coniferous forest *canopy: a leafy roof formed by tall trees *deciduous: a tree that sheds it’s leaves annually *nocturnal: active at night
ABIOTIC AND BIOTIC FACTORS
Whale B Clouds A Finger nails B
Clock A Corpse B Pipe A
Water A Snail B Cotton fabric A
Fish B Steak A Wool A
Paper A Pork chops A Gold A
Glass A Salad A Plastic A
Aluminum A Bread A Grapes B
Wooden ruler A Plant B Air A
Sand A Hair A
ADAPTATIONS
Shape of bird beaks: physical
Type of arms or legs: structural
Color of fur or feathers: structural
Shape of facial features (nose, eyes, ears): physical
Physical, Behavioral, and Structural
WATER ECOSYSTEMS
Freshwater Marine
Rivers and Streams trout, catfish, carp, algae
Shorelines black mussels, barnacles, algae, moss
Ponds and Lakes
algae, clams, snails, dragon flies
Temperate oceans plankton, whales, salmon, hagfish
Wetlands
pond lilies, cattails, shrimp, shellfish, ducks
Tropical oceans Clown fish, blue marlin, green turtle, hammerhead
DESCRIPTIONS OF BIOMESTundra
Temperature: ice coldRainfall: 10 in. per yearPlants: cotton grass, lichen Animals: polar bear, penguinTerms: permafrostMovie: Happy Feet
Coniferous Forest Temperature: below 0 ½ of the yr.Rainfall: 30 in. per yearPlants: pine tree, needlesAnimals: beaver, moose, rabbitTerms: conifer, taigaMovie: Brother Bear
Deciduous Forest
Temperature: seasons Rainfall: falls throughout the yearPlants: willow tree Animals: raccoon, turkey, bearTerms: deciduousMovie: Pocahontas
Rainforest Temperature: mild, humidRainfall: lots of rainPlants: vines, mangrovesAnimals: gorilla, vine snakeTerms: canopyMovie: Tarzan
Grasslands or Savannah Temperature: hot summersRainfall: 10-30 in. per year Plants: blazingstar, coneflowerAnimals: lions, elephantsTerms:Movie: Lion King
Desert Temperature: hotRainfall: 10 in. per yearPlants: cactus, dragon treeAnimals: rats, bats, vulturesTerms: nocturnalMovie: Aladdin
LS.14 EVOLUTION KEY TERMS
*mutation: a change in a gene or chromosome*adaptation: a characteristic that helps an organism survive*natural selection : The process by which individuals that are better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce *extinction: a disappeared species from earth *fossil record: fossils scientists have collected*variation: difference between organisms of a different species*dormancy: as if in a deep sleep *hibernation: greatly reduced body activity during winter
STIMULUS AND RESPONSE
1. You flinch when a dodge ball is thrown towards you.2. A doctor hits your knee and you kick your leg.3. Your mom wakes you up by turning on the lights in your room.4. You whistle at your dogs and they run towards you.5. You are hyper because you drank a soda at lunch.
NEEDS OF LIVING THINGS
T- Temperature, all organisms need to be at a proper temperatureO- Oxygen, animals need oxygen to go through respirationW- Water, needed to dissolve and transport substancesE- Energy, all organisms need energyL- Living space, provides amount of water, food, and energy
CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING THINGSDigestion: breaking down food for energyRespiration: gas exchangeNutrition: intake of food for energyExcretion: elimination of wastesReproduction: producing more of oneself Develop: change over time
LS.1 EXPERIMENT KEY TERMS
*prediction: an educated guess based on what you know*inference: guess about why you think an observation happens*experiment: a test to answer a question*hypothesis: a prediction of what will happen in an experiment*independent variable: the thing that effects the dependent*dependent variable: what happens after an experiment*variable: anything that can change during an experiment*control: the thing that is important*constant: the thing that stays the same*repeated trials: an experiment tested repeatedly*mean: the average*median: the middle number *mode: the most numbers in a number sequence
SCIENTIFIC METHOD
1. State the Problem2. Research3. Hypothesis4. Experiment5. Collect Data6. Analyze Data7. Conclusion8. Share/Publish
SCALE MODELS
5 cm 32 cm 53.7 cm
1) How big is a horsefly if 1 cm = 1m? 5 m2) How big is the ghost if 1 cm = 20 cm? 640 cm3) How big is the kitty if 1 cm = 10 cm? 537
TYPES OF GRAPHS
Type: Bar GraphUse: to display information
Type: HistogramUse: to display # information
Type: Line GraphUse: to display progress
Type: Pie GraphUse: to show percent
DENSITY EQUATIONS
1. If an object has a mass of 25 grams and a
volume of 5 mL, what is its density? 5
2. What is the volume of a 2 cm cube? 8 cm
METRIC CONVERSIONS
1) 50 kg = (50,000,000) mg2) 200 g = (20,000) cg3) 72 L = (72,000) mL4) 11.90 daK = () dK5) 60 s = (60,000) ms
SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
1) 9.87 x 105 = 987, 000 2) 2.09 x 10-8 = .0000000209
3) 9,243,000 = 9.243 x 10(6) 4) .00004945 = 4.945x10(-5)
EQUIPMENT
Name: Thermometer Measures: temperatureUnits: F, CName: Graduated CylinderMeasures: VolumeUnits: Liters, mililiters
Name: Triple beam balanceMeasures: MassUnits: Grams
Name: Ruler Measures: LengthUnits: Inches, cm
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