Ebonie J.. Cell membrane: the outside layer that determines what goes in and what goes out of the cell Cell wall: mostly in plant cells, covers the.

LS HAT REVIEW Ebonie J.

LS.2 CELL THEORY KEY TERMS

Cell membrane: the outside layer that determines what goes in and what goes out of the cell

Cell wall: mostly in plant cells, covers the outside of the cell and acts as protection

Cytoplasm: the jelly-like substance floating in the cell Vacuole: acts as a storage tank for food, wastes, and water Mitochondrion: acts as the powerhouse of the cell Endoplasmic Reticulum: transports things around the cell Nucleus: the control center or brain of the cell Chloroplast: contains chlorophyllSimilarities between plant and animal cells Plant and animal cells both have membranes, cytoplasm,

vacuoles, mitochondrion, and an endoplasmic reticulum, but animal cells don’t have cell walls or chloroplasts.

LABELS OF ANIMAL AND PLANT CELLS

Cell wallCytoplasm

Cell membrane

Vacuole

Nucleus

Nucleolus

Nuclear Membrane

ERMitochondrion

Golgi Bodies

Cell Membrane

Cytoplasm

NucleusNucleolus

Nuclear Membrane

Vacuole

Mitochondrion ER

Golgi Bodies

CELL THEORY

1. All living things are composed of cells2. Cells are the basic unit of function and

structure of living things3. All cells come from other cells

Scientist Discovery Cell Theory

 Robert Hooke Looked at cork; noticed boxes like cells

 1 and 2

 Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Viewed animalcules; first to see bacteria

 1 and 2

 Matthias Schleiden Concluded all plant parts are made up of cells

1 and 2 

 Rudolf Vischow Cells come from existing cells  3

TYPES OF CELL DIVISION/ MITOSIS

What is the difference between passive and active transport? Passive is when the molecules travel from a higher concentrated area to lower one through different pressures, but active is the same without the pressures.

Mitosis Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Mitosis is asexual, but meiosis is sexual.

LS.3 CELL ORGANIZATION KEY TERMS Unicellular: single-celled, one cell Multicellular: more than one cell Respiration: the process of breathing Digestion: breaking down food Excretion: waste Growth: how an organism develops into a adult Reproduction: to produce more of oneself Active Transport: molecules going from higher to

lower concentration Passive Transport: molecules going from higher to

lower concentration with different pressures

LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION

1. Cells2. Tissues3. Organs 4. Organ System5. Organism

TYPES OF TRANSPORT

Define osmosis: Osmosis is when a big molecule travels from high concentration to low concentration.

Describe what is happening in the picture above: The solute is passing through the barrier and going into a lower concentrated area 

Define diffusion: Diffusion is when molecules spread or dissolve from a high concentrated area to a lower one.

Describe what is happening in the picture above: The red molecules are spreading or dissolving from a high concentrated area to a lower one. 

LS.13 GENETICS KEY TERMS

DNA – contains your genetic make-up Gene – a specific trait Allele – pairs of genes Homozygous – pure genotype Heterozygous – different genotype Chromosome – made up of DNA Phenotype – your genes appearance Genotype – the letters of your genes Dominant – the capital letter in a genotype Recessive – the lower-case letter in a genotype Hybrid – different genotype (heterozygous)

ROLE OF DNA

DNA is coded instruction that store and pass genetic information from one generation to the next.DNA rungs are made of four sets of nitrogen bases and a backbone of phosphate and sugar.Nitrogen BasesAdenine - ThymineThymine - AdenineCytosine - GuanineGuanine – Cytosine

ROLE OF DNA (CONTINUED)

Mendel – father of genetics Watson & Crick – created the 1st model

of DNA; won the Nobel prize Wilkins & Franklin – took pictures of

DNA

PUNNET SQUARES

2 possible phenotypes – yellow and green

3 possible genotypes – YY Yy yy Yy – heterozygous YY, yy – homozygous YY, Yy – dominant/ yy – recessive Green Yellow

2:450%½

2:450%½

YY Yy yy

0%00

2:450%½

2:450%½

LS.5 CLASSIFICATION KEY TERMS

Taxonomic key: statements that describe the physical characteristics of an organism

Dichotomous key: a key that categorizes species Phototroprism: an organism’s response to light Eutrophication: rich nutrients in a lake Succession: predictable changes in a community Dormancy: a state of quiet Hibernation: a state of greatly reduced body

activity in the winter

LEVELS OF CLASSIFICATION

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus SpeciesKing Phillip Came Over For Good Spaghetti

BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE

Pisum sativam Rana hexadactyla Mangifera indica Felis domestica Ficus bengalensis Canis familiaris Glycine max Naja naja The genus is in yellow and the species

is underlined

ANIMAL PHYLAAnimal Phylum

Snail  Mollusk

Fish  Chordate

Earthworm  Annelids

Anemone  Cnidarians

Frog  Chordate

Jellyfish  Cnidarians

Starfish  Echinoderms

Alligator  Chordate

Crayfish  Chordate

Ant  Arthopods

Elephant  Chordate

Coral  Cnidarian

PLANT PHYLA

1. Mosses – club moss2. Ferns – Silver fern3. Conifer – pine tree4. Flowering plants - tulips

THE SIX KINGDOMSArchaebacteria Unicellular/multicellular

Prokaryote/eukaryoteHeterotroph/autotrophAsexual/sexualAquatic/terrestrial/airMotile/non-motile

Eubacteria Unicellular/multicellularProkaryote/eukaryoteHeterotroph/autotrophAsexual/sexualAquatic/terrestrial/airMotile/non-motile

Protista Unicellular/multicellularProkaryote/eukaryoteHeterotroph/autotrophAsexual/sexualAquatic/terrestrial/airMotile/non-motile

Fungi Unicellular/multicellularProkaryote/eukaryoteHeterotroph/autotrophAsexual/sexualAquatic/terrestrial/airMotile/non-motile

Plant Unicellular/multicellularProkaryote/eukaryoteHeterotroph/autotrophAsexual/sexualAquatic/terrestrial/airMotile/non-motile

Animal Unicellular/multicellularProkaryote/eukaryoteHeterotroph/autotrophAsexual/sexualAquatic/terrestrial/airMotile/non-motile

LS.6 PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Photosynthesis is the foundation of all food webs.

Equation for photosynthesis Reactants: carbon dioxide, water Products: carbohydrates, oxygen

LS.7 ENERGY FLOW KEY TERMS

Producer: an organism that makes it’s own food

Consumer: an organism that doesn’t make it’s own food

Decomposer: an organism that breaks down dead organisms

Heterotroph: an organism that eats other things

Autotroph: an organism that makes it’s food

THE WATER CYCLE

Condensation

Condensation

Precipitation

Evaporation

Sun

Ocean

Evaporation: when the water turns into water vapor and starts floating upwardCondensation: when the vapor turns into cloudsPrecipitation: the water falls from the clouds

THE CARBON CYCLE

In this cycle, the regular carbon is being turned into alternative fuel by grounding corn.

THE NITROGEN CYCLE

FOOD CHAIN AND WEB PRACTICE

Producer: grass 1st consumer: ant 2nd consumer: spider What is the difference between a food

chain and a food web? A food chain only maps 1 path, but a

food web shows more than 1 path.

ENERGY PYRAMID

Owl

Snake

Mouse

Grass

ENERGY FLOW MATCHING

1. B Herbivore2. E Carnivore3. C Decomposer4. D Omnivore5. A Producer6. F Consumers A. an organism that can use sunlight in order to produce its own food

(autotroph)B. an organism that only eats producersC. an organism that breaks down dead or decaying organismsD. an organism that will eat producers and consumersE. an organism that will only eat other consumersF. an organism that eats in order to obtain energy (heterotroph)

COMMUNITIES KEY TERMS

Competition: struggle for limited resources Cooperation: working together Social hierarchy: the chain of importance within a

species Territorial imperative: to claim or defend a territory Niche: an organism’s role in an ecosystem Predator: a carnivore that hunts animals for food Prey: the animal that the predator hunts Parasite: an organism that lives on and harms the host Host: a organism that provides a source of energy for

a virus

SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIPS

A. Commensalism – one animal benefits and the other is not helped or harmed

B. Mutualism – both partners benefit from living together C. Parasitism – one organism live on another harming the other B 1. Plover bird gets food by acting as a toothpick for a

crocodile. A 2. The cattle egret eats the insects that are escaping as

cattle graze in the field. C 3. A tick sucks the blood from a deer. C 4. A tapeworm in a dog gains energy from the dog but the

dog loses nutrition due to the tapeworm. B 5. Ostriches and zebras move together to warn each other of

impending danger because the ostrich sees well and the zebra hears well.

ADAPTION AND CHANGE KEY TERMS

Eutrophication: buildup over time of nutrients *phototropism: organism’s response to light *community: all the different populations in one area *population: all the members of one species in one area *biome: a group of ecosystems with similar climates and

organisms *ecosystem: all the living and nonliving things that

interact in an area *adaptation: a characteristic that helps an organism

survive *permafrost: soil that is frozen all year *taiga: a swampy coniferous forest *canopy: a leafy roof formed by tall trees *deciduous: a tree that sheds it’s leaves annually *nocturnal: active at night

ABIOTIC AND BIOTIC FACTORS

Whale B Clouds A Finger nails B

Clock A Corpse B Pipe A

Water A Snail B Cotton fabric A

Fish B Steak A Wool A

Paper A Pork chops A Gold A

Glass A Salad A Plastic A

Aluminum A Bread A Grapes B

Wooden ruler A Plant B Air A

Sand A Hair A  

ADAPTATIONS

Shape of bird beaks: physical

Type of arms or legs: structural

Color of fur or feathers: structural

Shape of facial features (nose, eyes, ears): physical

Physical, Behavioral, and Structural

WATER ECOSYSTEMS

Freshwater Marine

Rivers and Streams  trout, catfish, carp, algae  

Shorelines black mussels, barnacles, algae, moss

Ponds and Lakes 

 algae, clams, snails, dragon flies

Temperate oceans plankton, whales, salmon, hagfish

Wetlands 

 pond lilies, cattails, shrimp, shellfish, ducks

Tropical oceans Clown fish, blue marlin, green turtle, hammerhead

DESCRIPTIONS OF BIOMESTundra

 Temperature: ice coldRainfall: 10 in. per yearPlants: cotton grass, lichen Animals: polar bear, penguinTerms: permafrostMovie: Happy Feet

Coniferous Forest Temperature: below 0 ½ of the yr.Rainfall: 30 in. per yearPlants: pine tree, needlesAnimals: beaver, moose, rabbitTerms: conifer, taigaMovie: Brother Bear

Deciduous Forest 

Temperature: seasons Rainfall: falls throughout the yearPlants: willow tree Animals: raccoon, turkey, bearTerms: deciduousMovie: Pocahontas

Rainforest Temperature: mild, humidRainfall: lots of rainPlants: vines, mangrovesAnimals: gorilla, vine snakeTerms: canopyMovie: Tarzan

Grasslands or Savannah Temperature: hot summersRainfall: 10-30 in. per year Plants: blazingstar, coneflowerAnimals: lions, elephantsTerms:Movie: Lion King

Desert Temperature: hotRainfall: 10 in. per yearPlants: cactus, dragon treeAnimals: rats, bats, vulturesTerms: nocturnalMovie: Aladdin

LS.14 EVOLUTION KEY TERMS

*mutation: a change in a gene or chromosome*adaptation: a characteristic that helps an organism survive*natural selection : The process by which individuals that are better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce *extinction: a disappeared species from earth *fossil record: fossils scientists have collected*variation: difference between organisms of a different species*dormancy: as if in a deep sleep *hibernation: greatly reduced body activity during winter

STIMULUS AND RESPONSE

1. You flinch when a dodge ball is thrown towards you.2. A doctor hits your knee and you kick your leg.3. Your mom wakes you up by turning on the lights in your room.4. You whistle at your dogs and they run towards you.5. You are hyper because you drank a soda at lunch.

NEEDS OF LIVING THINGS

T- Temperature, all organisms need to be at a proper temperatureO- Oxygen, animals need oxygen to go through respirationW- Water, needed to dissolve and transport substancesE- Energy, all organisms need energyL- Living space, provides amount of water, food, and energy

CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING THINGSDigestion: breaking down food for energyRespiration: gas exchangeNutrition: intake of food for energyExcretion: elimination of wastesReproduction: producing more of oneself Develop: change over time

LS.1 EXPERIMENT KEY TERMS

*prediction: an educated guess based on what you know*inference: guess about why you think an observation happens*experiment: a test to answer a question*hypothesis: a prediction of what will happen in an experiment*independent variable: the thing that effects the dependent*dependent variable: what happens after an experiment*variable: anything that can change during an experiment*control: the thing that is important*constant: the thing that stays the same*repeated trials: an experiment tested repeatedly*mean: the average*median: the middle number *mode: the most numbers in a number sequence

SCIENTIFIC METHOD

1. State the Problem2. Research3. Hypothesis4. Experiment5. Collect Data6. Analyze Data7. Conclusion8. Share/Publish

SCALE MODELS

  5 cm 32 cm 53.7 cm

1) How big is a horsefly if 1 cm = 1m? 5 m2) How big is the ghost if 1 cm = 20 cm? 640 cm3) How big is the kitty if 1 cm = 10 cm? 537

TYPES OF GRAPHS

Type: Bar GraphUse: to display information

Type: HistogramUse: to display # information

Type: Line GraphUse: to display progress

Type: Pie GraphUse: to show percent

DENSITY EQUATIONS

1. If an object has a mass of 25 grams and a

volume of 5 mL, what is its density? 5

2. What is the volume of a 2 cm cube? 8 cm

METRIC CONVERSIONS

1) 50 kg = (50,000,000) mg2) 200 g = (20,000) cg3) 72 L = (72,000) mL4) 11.90 daK = () dK5) 60 s = (60,000) ms

SCIENTIFIC NOTATION

1) 9.87 x 105 = 987, 000 2) 2.09 x 10-8 = .0000000209

3) 9,243,000 = 9.243 x 10(6) 4) .00004945 = 4.945x10(-5)

EQUIPMENT

Name: Thermometer Measures: temperatureUnits: F, CName: Graduated CylinderMeasures: VolumeUnits: Liters, mililiters 

Name: Triple beam balanceMeasures: MassUnits: Grams

Name: Ruler Measures: LengthUnits: Inches, cm