Digital System Design Basics

Short Term Training Program on“FPGA Based Digital Systems with Application

to SDR in Cognitive Environment”

Introduction to Digital Design with FPGAs

Prof. Anish Goel

What’s in the Programme Theory/Knowledge Experiments Hands-On Sessions Case Studies Quizzes Key contacts Query Sessions Beyond the course Nutcrackers Teaching/Learning

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Schedule of the Programme

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Monday 5th Oct STTP Module Venue

9 -9.30 Registration Room No 304

9.30- 11.30 Introduction to topic Room No 304

11.30-12.00 Formal Inaugural & Tea Break Room No 304

12.00 - 1.00 Lab I Room No 405 & 406

1.00 - 2.00 Lunch

2.00 - 4.00 Lab II Room No 405 & 406

4.00 - 8.00 Extra Sessions/Discussions Room No 405 & 406

Tuesday 6th Oct

9.00 - 10.30 FPGA Based Comm. Systems Room No 304

10.30 - 11. 00 Tea Break Room No 304

11.00 - 12.00 Lab III Room No 405 & 406

12.00-1.00 Lab IV Room No 405 & 406

1.00 - 2.00 Lunch

2.00 - 4.00 Lab V Room No 405 & 406

4.00 - 8.00 Extra Sessions/Discussions Room No 405 & 406

Learning Cycle in our STTP

Lectures

Case Studies

Lab Sessions

Extra Classes

Assignments

Software Leaning

System Design

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Possible Outcomes of STTP

Knowledge

Practice

Attitude & Aptitude

Wave of Interest and Fun learning

Stay Happy! Stay Blessed!

Danger

Bouncer, Hectic, Bla Bla Bla

WARNING !!! DO NOT PROCEED

Proper Attitude

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Head-start HereDigital Design using FPGA’s Any circuit capable of processing Digital Data is termed

as a digital system. A system is a black box with inputs and outputs and a

relation between them.

Human Brain (processing data for Participants

not listening to my lecture)

Inputs (Senses) Outputs (Actions)

Start Singing ?

Make them Sleep?

Walk Away?

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Anyways Examples in Our World for systems Automobile Engine VCD player Computer Smartphone Audio System Pen Drive Internet Whatever else

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Digital and Analog

Amplitude

TimeT1 T2 T3

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Realistic & Non-Realistic Signal

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A little Push Helps

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Digital Systems So digital systems are the ones that understand and process

digital/discrete data. We use only binary digital systems. Lot of research on Ternary and Quaternary Systems is being

carried out. But if you try to increase the number of discrete levels then

ultimately you would arrive at analog systems. In short binary digital systems are simple to understand,

analyze and design.

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HDL (Hardware Description Language)

Digital Systems

Digital SystemsA

B C <= A.B

Digital SystemsB

AC

Binary OutputBinary Inputs

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Describe the Hardware

Digital Systems

Library ieee;Use ieee.std_logic_1164.all;

Entity Entity DigitalSystemDigitalSystem isis

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B

AC

Digital Systems

Binary OutputBinary InputsPort (Port (a,ba,b: in bit;: in bit;c: out bit);c: out bit);end DigitalSystem;

Architecture behav of DigitalSystem is

A

BDigital Systems

C <= A.B

Begin

C <= a and b;C <= a and b;

end behav;

Microprocessors and ASIC’s A microprocessor is a general purpose Digital System that can be

programmed for any functionality. For Eg.To implement

For I = 1;I < 10; I ++X(I) =Y(I) + Z(I)End

So the above code requires following in terms of hardware: Adder Counter Registers

But the microprocessor will have lots of additional circuitry likearithmetic and logical circuits, memory interfaces, communicationinterfaces etc.

These circuits are required for implementing other functionsdepending on the code, but not required for our small code asabove.

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Microprocessors and ASIC’s In case where the circuit only needs to run the above

code only, having a microprocessor would be like wastageof resources as most of its hardware remains unused.

Instead if we are able to design only required circuit thatworks efficiently then the system performance willincrease.

Such a kind of circuit can be termed as ApplicationSpecific Integrated Circuit or ASIC in short.

FPGAs are the most common platform to implementASIC due to their re-configurability and ease of use.

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Clear Difference!Microprocessors FPGAs

Hardware is Already PresentProgram it !

Theirs no HardwareCreate it !

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Design Flow for ASIC (VLSI/CHIP)

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FPGA Design Flow

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Advantages of FPGA based Design Rapid prototyping. Real time results. Simulation and design up-gradation possible. Time to market reduces. Re-configurability at any time. Hardware updates possible in future.

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Case Study – Full adder design

Full AdderB

A

C

S

Cout

S = A xor B xor C

S = (A and B) or (A and C) or (B and C)

A B C S Cout

0 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 1 0

0 1 0 1 0

0 1 1 0 1

1 0 0 1 0

1 0 1 0 1

1 1 0 0 1

1 1 1 1 1

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Nutcracker I

99 X 99 = ?21 Digital Design with FPGAs Prof. Anish Goel

Full adder Physical design flow

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Full Adder Circuit

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Full Adder Layout

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Nutcracker II

2 x 2 = ?25 Digital Design with FPGAs Prof. Anish Goel

Memory Based Digital Design

Digital Design with FPGAs Prof. Anish Goel26

A B C

0 0 0

0 1 1

1 0 1

1 1 0

What’s in the Black Box ?

Black Box

A

BC

Memory Based Digital Design

Digital Design with FPGAs Prof. Anish Goel27

A B C

0 0 1

0 1 0

1 0 1

1 1 1

What’s in the Black Box ?

Black Box

A

BC

Answer: Its memory (ROM)

Digital Design with FPGAs Prof. Anish Goel28

0

1

1

0

A

B

C

2 Bit Address

1 bit Data

Full Adder Design - FPGAlibrary IEEE;use IEEE.STD_LOGIC_1164.ALL;

entity fa isPort ( a : in STD_LOGIC;

b : in STD_LOGIC;cin : in STD_LOGIC;s : out STD_LOGIC;cout : out STD_LOGIC);

end fa;

architecture Behavioral of fa is

begins <= a xor b xor cin;cout <= (a and b) or (a and cin) or (b and cin);

end Behavioral;

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Full Adder Synthesis (RTL)

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Full Adder Technology View

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FPGA already knows the output. It doesn’t calculate. Consider a multiplier

circuit that can be fedwith 2 numbers in therange 1-4.

Thus there can be 16combinations of theinputs.

For each combinationthe output is know as weknow it’s a multiplier.

A B A*B1 1 11 2 2

1 3 31 4 4

2 1 22 2 4

2 3 62 4 8

3 1 33 2 6

3 3 93 4 12

4 1 44 2 8

4 3 124 4 16

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FPGA Highlights A field-programmable gate array (FPGA) is an

integrated circuit designed to be configured by acustomer or a designer after manufacturing – hence“field-programmable".

Technically speaking, an FPGA can be used to solve anyproblem which is computable.

Another trend on the usage of FPGAs is hardwareacceleration, where one can use the FPGA to acceleratecertain parts of an algorithm and share part of thecomputation between the FPGA and a generic processor.

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Common FPGA Applications

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•Aerospace and Defense•Avionics/DO-254•Communications•Missiles & Munitions•Secure Solutions•Space

•Medical Electronics•ASIC Prototyping•Audio

•Connectivity Solutions•Portable Electronics•Radio•Digital Signal Processing (DSP)

•Automotive•High Resolution Video•Image Processing•Vehicle Networking and Connectivity•Automotive Infotainment

•Broadcast•Real-Time Video Engine•EdgeQAM•Encoders•Displays•Switches and Routers

•Consumer Electronics•Digital Displays•Digital Cameras•Multi-function Printers•Portable Electronics•Set-top Boxes

•Data Center•Servers•Security•Routers•Switches

More Applications

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•High Performance Computing•Servers•Super Computers•SIGINT Systems•High-end RADARs•High-end Beam Forming Systems•Data Mining Systems

•Industrial•Industrial Imaging•Industrial Networking•Motor Control

•Medical•Ultrasound•CT Scanner•MRI•X-ray•PET•Surgical Systems

•Scientific Instruments•Lock-in amplifiers•Phase-locked loops

•Security•Industrial Imaging•Secure Solutions

•Video & Image Processing•High Resolution Video•Video Over IP Gateway•Digital Displays

•Wired Communications•Optical Transport Networks•Network Processing•Connectivity Interfaces

•Wireless Communications•Baseband•Connectivity Interfaces•Mobile Backhaul•Radio

FPGA – Products and Market http://www.electronicsweekly.com/news/products/fpga-

pld/fpgas-big-space-satellites-2015-04/ http://www.element14.com/community/docs/DOC-

13492/l/simplify-analog-channel-design-in-fpga-based-dso http://www.marketsandmarkets.com/PressReleases/fpga.as

p

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Conclusion Digital Design using FPGAs required knowledge of Digital

Logic to design but ultimately implemented in genericlogic like memory or LUT.

FPGA is a reconfigurable hardware that can be updatedjust like OS (Android/Windows) provides softwareupdates.

VLSI technology is already on the verge of saturation interms of Frequency of Operation and Device Size, henceindustry has started focusing more on Architecture basedenhancements.

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Disclaimer !

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Disclaimer ! The data/material/information presented here are based

on learning from books, internet, experience and studies.This programme aims to guide you along the lines oflearning and provides you with the same environment fora short span. Please read the study material andreferences carefully.

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