DICTATORSHIPS and WWII DORAN. Conservative Authoritarianism 4 Traditional, anti-democratic 4 tried to prevent major changes 4 limited popular sovereignty.
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Conservative Authoritarianism Traditional, anti-democratic tried to prevent major changes limited popular sovereignty lacked modern communication and
technology revived after WWI WHY? WHERE?
Radical Dictatorship
Rejected parliamentary restraints unprecedented control of the masses Different types
– totalitarianism– fascism
TOTALITARIANISM
Used modern technology and communication exercised complete political, economic,
social, intellectual, spiritual and cultural control by the state
people utterly dependent on political leader mass movement permanent revolution
FASCISM
Extreme, expansionist nationalism anti-socialist allied with capitalist and landowners mass parties dynamic, violent leader glorification of war and the military
Hannah Arendt (1906-75)
Born in Germany Jewish Escaped to US in 1941 Wrote Origins of Totalitarianism DISCUSS
RUSSIA 1919-1939
LENIN
“Dictatorship of the proletariat” The State the Communist Party 1918 Politburo
– Secretariat
RSFSR - Russian Socialist Federated Soviet Republic
USSR- Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (RSFSR, Ukraine, White Russia, Transcauscasia)
The State=the communist party “War Communism” 1918-1921
– undiluted marxism
– crisis by 1920
New Economic Policy 1921-1928 “one step backwards in order to go two
steps forward” return of private commerce state controlled banking, transportation,
heavy industry, public utilities
STALIN
“Lenin Cult” “Socialism in a single state” Radical overhaul of the state ended NEP 5Year Plans imposed secret police strengthened
War on the Peasants
State farms Collective farms Reaction by peasants After 9 years - 90% of land, 100 million
peasants under new form of farming
Five Year Plans
First Five Year Plan 1928-1933 Second Five Year Plan 1933-38 Third Five Year Plan 1938-43
Great Purges– 1928-31– 1934-38
Constitution of 1936 Importance of family weakened Art
– fluorished in the 1920s– dictated by Stalin in 1930s
Il Duce - his version of fascism One party dictatorship, one man leader Not totalitarian Catholic Church - 1929 Women Fascism in Italy
– Positives Negatives
Spain
1900s - more loyal to local province Monarchy - stood for Poor soil , farming Religion Revolutionary ideas
– anarchism socialists– syndicalism communists– Carlism
Spanish Republic
Alfonso XIII - ruled until 1923– corrupt
General Primo de Rivera– martial law
Constitution restored, republicans victorious Republic declared 1931
– problems with leftists, rightists, fascists, church, military
WWII - International Politics 1919-1932 Positive events Washington Conference, 1921-22 Locarno Agreement, Oct 1925 Kellogg Briand Pact, 1928
Failure of fulfillment Causes of WWII
– Treaty of Versailles - Diktat– World Depression– Revolution in Russia– Mutual distrust– fascism and nazism– Rise of imperialist Japan
Steps to WWII
Manchuria, 1931 German Rearmament, 1935-6 Reoccupation of the Rhineland, 1936 Ethiopia, 1935 Spanish Civil War, 1936-39 Rome-Berlin Axis, 1936
Immediate Origins Of WWII Austrian Anschluss, 1938 Czech dismemberment, 1938-9
– Sudetenland– Munich Conference Sept 1938– March 1939 - takes rest of Czechoslovakia
Nazi-Soviet Pact, Aug 23, 1939 Poland Sept 1, 1939
– Sept 27 - surrender
WWII Blitzkrieg - Poland Sitzkrieg (Phony War) Sep 39- Mar 40 Blitzkrieg April - June 1940
– Denmark, Norway, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Belgium, France
Maginot Line Siegfried Line June 22, 1940 - Compiegne,
– Occupied France,, Vichy France
Britain Stands alone German plans invasion- Operation Sea Lion Chamberlain replaced by Churchill Battle of Britain a
– attack airfields - destroy RAF– attack British defense installations– attack British cities
Cancelled by end of 1940
Fall 1940
Axis Powers attack Balkans, North Africa Greece, Yugoslavia conquered Hungary, Romania join Axis powers, 1940 Bulgaria joins 1941 Sweden, Switz neutral Spain technically neutral
USSR
Blitzkrieg - June 22, 1941 - Barbarossa– need oilfields and farmland– SU falls back - scorched earth policy– Ukraine overrun in 4 months
Leningrad siege lasted 2 years + Stalingrad - 1942 - 43 Turning point
Turning points
El Alamein Casablanca Conference, Jan 1943 Attack Italy Teheran Conf, Nov 1943 Yalta Conference, 1944 Operation Overlord - Normandy Invasion
– D Day - June 6, 1944
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