Davis Social Links

Davis Social LinksS. Felix Wu

Computer Science DepartmentUniversity of California, Davis

wu@cs.ucdavis.eduhttp://www.cs.ucdavis.edu/~wu/

09/10/2007 Davis Social Links 2

Internet • Basic datagram service between one IP

address and another• Routing: exchanging the information

regarding the address space and how to reach them.

• “Allow by Default”• Applications built on top of the services

– MySpace, Facebook, Orkut, SecondLife, LiveJournal, LinkedIn, Wikipedia, Skype, Google, Bittorrent, LimeWire, Youtube, IM,…

Easy to Send & Receive

•Many, if not most, in our society can quickly learn how to use Email & Internet.

•You don’t need to understand the low level details (e.g., how SMTP, BGP, OLSR or AODV really works or what my current IP address is) before you can communicate with your friends as long as you know their identity!

Urgent! Please contact me!FROM:MR.CHEUNG PUIHang Seng Bank LtdSai Wan Ho Branch171 Shaukiwan RoadHong Kong.

Please contact me on my personal box [puicheungcheungpui@yahoo.com]

Let me start by introducing myself. I am Mr. Cheung Pui,director of operations of the Hang Seng Bank Ltd,Sai Wan Ho Branch. I have a obscured business suggestion for you.

Before the U.S and Iraqi war our client Major Fadi Basem who was with the Iraqi forces and also business man made a numbered fixed deposit for 18 calendarmonths, with a value of Twenty Four millions Five Hundred Thousand United State Dollars only in my branch. Upon maturity several notice was sent to him,…

ITRI considers this as a spam!

•Easy for both the good users and the spammers. (fair simplicity)

•The spammers abuse the “sending” right, while the good users have very limited options to counter back.–how easy can we change our email address?

–how often do we need to do that?•A “receiver” or “the owner of the

identity” should have some control.–But, that means also “burden” to the users.

•Easy for both the good users and the spammers. (fair simplicity)

•The spammers abuse the “sending” right, while the good users have very limited options to counter back.–how easy can we change our email address?

–how often do we need to do that?•A “receiver” or “the owner of the

identity” should have some control.–But, that means also “burden” to the users.

Possible Ideas of Future Internet

• Allow by Default versus Deny by Default• Receiver versus Sender controllability• Reconsider the role of Service Providers

versus P2P

DSL (Davis Social Links)

Principle:– Effective human communication

reflects the social/trust relationship and reputation within our society.

Design:– Can we integrate and enhance our

cyber communication system with the human social/trust model?

A BFF F

Social Networking

• Social Network services– Friendster, MySpace, Facebook,

Orkut, LinkedIn.. • Social Links, Interest Keywords,

Search & Community Services

Social Networks: # of Users

• FaceBook ~34M• Friendster ~47M• Hi5 ~50M• LinkedIn ~12M• MySpace ~200M• Orkut ~47M• Yahoo! 360o ~4M• … among many others.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_social_networking_sites

Social Network Access Interfaces• FBML - Facebook Markup Language• FQL - Facebook Query Language• REST (REpresentational State Transfer)

Web API• FBJS - Implementation of Javascript on

the Facebook platform

Principle:– Effective human communication

reflects the social/trust relationship and reputation within our society.

Design:– Can we integrate and enhance our

cyber communication system with the human social/trust model?

A BFF F

The same message content

• “M” from Cheung Pui

• “M” from Cheung Pui via IETF mailing list

• “M” from Cheung Pui via Karl Levitt

Social Link Identification

• “M” from Cheung Pui Probably a spam• “M” from Cheung Pui via IETF mailing

list Probably not interesting• “M” from Cheung Pui via Karl Levitt Better be more serious…

Social Link Identification

• “M” from Cheung Pui Probably a spam• “M” from Cheung Pui via IETF mailing

list Probably not interesting• “M” from Cheung Pui via Karl Levitt Better be more serious…Either “M” is important, orKarl’s machine has been subverted!

A Social Link

representing a trust relationship between two directly communicating entities

Trust Attribute

A Direct Social Link

Karl is a very well respected individual to me!I suspect that Karl is too busy to install the latest patches!

Trust Attribute

Message Value & Prioritization

Application IDS

Link RanksReputationIncentives

Other Trust Metrics

One important goal:– Can we build a P2P social network

service?– Allows Search/Crawl and Control– Scalable and Secure/Robust– “Control” implies relatively more

dynamic social network!

A BFF F

A Path of Social Links

Receiving an email via a Path of Social Links

A Couple of Issues first…

• How to discover the social route path, if no direct social link exists?

• How to prevent spammers from easily discovering a large number of valid social paths?

Social Keywords

Soccer, BGP, Davis, California, Intrusion Detection,…

Social Keywords

Soccer, BGP, Davis, California, Intrusion Detection,…

Social keywords represents my interests and the semantic/social interpretation of myself.

Ownership

Cultural & Natural Language

工研院 , BGP, 台灣 ,

Students, Committee, Soccer

• IP address is all we need to communicate and everything else is on top of IP.

• IP is global “routable” identity

• However, too simple to be perfect?!– Can we remove the need for global

routable identities?

Identifier & Keyword

• Under DSL, each peer has its own decision or policy regarding what “social keywords” to announce, and it can change the announcement itself any time.

• NO global unique network-wide identifier– No unique IP address or email address in the

“network” layer– Identity only in the application layer

• Relative Peering relationship only– Local “link” identity

• Let’s decide some of the “everything else”– Global Flooding (w/o GRI)

• Then, we decide the possible candidates for us to communicate– Scope-limiting

• Finally, we rely on the Application layer to nail down the “one” or “ones”.

Multiple Social Links

BGP, Davis, California, Intrusion Detection,…

Soccer, Wine, Bike, Davis, California,…

Policy-Driven Forwarding

BGP, Davis, California, Intrusion Detection,…

Soccer, Wine, Bike, Davis, California,…

Propagation & Aggregation

Aggregation

Ownership

Similar to Scope-Limited Flooding in Gnutella/Freenet, but more scalable with aggregation.

Scalability & Locality

Ownership

football

soccer ???

Scalability & Locality

Ownership

football

soccer Davis

How to find “content X”?

Owner of X Other Peers

Remember that under DSL there is no such thing called “global identifier”.

Use the right “keywords for X”!

Davissoccer

soccer

Layering

TCP/IP

Application

IP-like

Traditional layer-2

Application

DSL Social Layer

Social Link

Layer-2

A Social/Overlay Link

Davis - Washington DC - Sacramento

• Social path discovery• Sending the real messages along the

Route Discovery

Keywords and aggregated keywords

“content addressable emails”

Function F(incoming) = outgoing

001 002

PotentialReceivers

PotentialSenders

incoming outgoingDSL IDDavis California Japan001

Japan Northern California002

Davis CANorthern California

Policy drivenMaybe itself a service

Forwarding: Source Routing

Sender:Data packet SR003, 001

Forwarding: Source Routing

Sender:Data packet SR003, 001

Privacy and Accountability

• No single intermediate node will have the knowledge, at least in the network layer, about “who is talking to who on what”.– In DSL, no global identifier.

• However, the messages themselves contain sufficient information to trace back toward the “social path”, if necessary and nodes are collaborative.– BTW, this (tracing on a per packet/email basis) is

impossible for today’s Internet, even for “route path”.

Problems with Overlay

• Triangle Overlay Routing– Davis, Washington DC, Sacramento– Traffic following the Social/Overlay path

• You can still bed DDoS’ed or Spammed!– IP/email addresses are still there.

MANET in Airport, Train, Flight

Application

DSL Social Layer

Social Link

Layer-2Who has the 1307th piece of media X?Promotion on new Pizza toppings A,B, & C!Who has seen this lost baby girl in the past 3 minutes?Who wants to play OK-bridge or Warcraft-III?

DSL-wifi

• Link Established– representing a neighbor relationship in the

application layer

A (WiFi) M (WiFi + WiMAX)B (WiMAX)

• MANET (Mobile Ad Hoc Network)– Network Layer Identify

Infrastructure-less Content Sharing

• Conference/Meeting– File Transfer

• Infrastructure Infrastructure-less• Identification

B (WiMAX )

A (WiFi)

M (WiFi + WiMAX )

DSL Routing

MAC Layer

IP/Network Layer

Application/Service Layer

Transport Layer

WiFi WiMAX xDSL PON

PHY Layer

WiFi WiMAX xDSL PON

MAC Layer

Application/Service Layer

WiFi WiMAX xDSL PON

PHY Layer

WiFi WiMAX xDSL PON

Route and Discovery Layer

Transport Layer

DSL Keyword Propagation

E (WiFi)

S (WiFi)

C (WiMAX )

A (Bluetooth )

D (WiFi+WiMAX)

F (WiFi + WiMAX)

B (WiFi + Bluetooth )

A “Relative” Identity under DSL• “Key words” plus one DSL path

– Why will this be sufficient for communication?

– Especially, when even the DSL information itself is decentralized? (I.e., in general, no one single DSL router knows the complete DSL path.)

DSL in a Social Network

QueryAppTest

DavisSoccer

Examples

• I want to find all the pizza places in Davis.– Can I do it without yet another service

provider?– How about “unpopular topics”?

• Can I find the contact information for Felix Wu in Davis (who is interested in soccer)?

DSL vs. Google

“Google”

• It’s about the “content”– Data-centric networking.

• Input to the Engine– A set of key words characterizing the target

document.• Output

– A set of documents/links matching the keywords

“DSL”

• It’s also about the “content”– Application will decide the mechanism to

further the communication.• Input to the Decentralized Engine

– A set of key words characterizing the target document (plus the aggregation keywords).

• Output– A set of DSL entities with the DSP (Davis

Social Path pointer) matching the keywords

DSL Search Engine

DSL Social World

Receiver orContent

Sender orReader

We are not just connecting the IP addresses!We are connecting all the contents that can be interpreted!

Google vs. DSL• Google is essentially a “routing”

framework between the contents and their potential consumers.

• Google decides how to extract the “key words” from your (the owner) web page or document.

Google vs. DSL• Google is essentially a “routing”

framework between the contents and their potential consumers.

• Google decides how to extract the “key words” from your (the owner) web page or document.

• A DSL “owner/receiver to be” has the complete control over that. A balance between:– How I would like others to know about me?

• And, I might want different folks to know me in different ways!

– How I can differentiate myself from other Felix Wu?

Applications

• 911-like scenarios (power/infrastructure)

• Commercial and non-Commercial Advertisements for the local community.

• Ad Hoc Peer-to-Peer Sharing without the Internet!

Unstructured P2P

Where is this piece of music?What is the location of this content?What is the current IP address of this skype user?

Structured P2P

DHT-based BT Tracker

Index key(Content-Dependent)

The owner of the identifier matching this hash entry will be the tracker for the corresponding index key!

Sharing/DownloadingFreeBSD 5.4 CD images

PUT & GET

DHT-based P2P

Index keyRouting from a key to an identifier

PUT & GET

DHT vs. DSL

• DHT– [Contents, Keys, Identifiers]– Conceptually, we have a global hash table!

• DSL– [Contents, Keys, Relative Identifiers]– Social/trust relationships along the route

No Unique Identifier!!!

• Two peers might announced exactly the same set of keywords!

• Both of them will receive the query, and this might not be a problem.

• Usually, end2end applications can tell which one (or ones) is really wanted.

Trackerless BitTorrent

QueryAppTest

Tracker Volunteer

Volunteer Other Peers

QueryAppTest

Content/KeyTracker

Tracker Volunteers

Volunteers Other Peers

QueryAppTest

Content/KeyTracker

DSL-Torrent

• How to seed your torrent?– Use DSL to search for all the volunteers– You can screen out “unqualified” trackers by

not contacting them. (owner controllability)• How to contact/select the tracker(s)?

– Use the keywords, of course– But, use the right aggregation keywords to

reach the trackers closer to the “UCDavis” social circle!

Tracking the BT clients

• Seed• Tracker• With Trackerless, the inspector might

become the tracker itself to record all the IP addresses of the peers– Traceability vs. Privacy

• How about DSL-Torrent?

Applications

• Commercial and non-Commercial Advertisements for the local community.

Applications

• Commercial and non-Commercial Advertisements for the local community.– What is a community?

Community-Oriented Social Network

• Peers sharing some common interests• Communities intersect• Community as a boundary for

information flow and policy

Community-Oriented Social Network

• Peers sharing some common interests• Communities intersect• Community as a boundary for

information flow and policy

• How to establish a community?• How to maintain the membership?• How to set the inter- & intra- community

policy?

Forming a Community

• “UCDavis as a community”• “When should we have a community for

Aggie?”– Davis, California, Aggie

Scope-Limiting Keyword Propagation

DavisSoccer

Scope-Limiting Keyword Propagation/Flooding

DavisSoccer

Scope-Limiting Keyword Propagation/Flooding

DavisSoccer

Penalization on Spams

• If Karl had forwarded lots of junk mails to Felix, then Felix will lower the priority of the social link between them.

• Karl will be informed about the downgrade.

• Karl needs to investigate “which messages” (from which incoming DSLs) were causing the downgrade and penalize toward the sources.

DSL Email

DSL Route Discovery& Trust Management

DSL Forwarding Plane

Parallel/Overlay Communication

DSL is an old idea!

We, as human, have been using similar communication principles. Maybe it is a good opportunity to re-think about our cyber communication system.

Identity is a per-application, context-oriented, and sometime relative issue.

Forming cyber communities of interests for application.

DSL is still an old idea!

Many applications already have “social network like” structure to enable P2P sharing across Internet.e.g., media sharing, on-line game, restaurant recommendation,…

Should we push these into a generic Social Network layer-3 to support all the applications?

A Different Internet?!• Current Internet: every IP address will

be able to communicate with every other IP address!– Allow by Default

• DSL-based “Internet”: we have a large number of “pairs” (two entities and their corresponding direct social link)– Deny by Default

Comparison

• IP/email:– Convergence to an absolute consistent state– IP/email addresses are all you need, but the

controllability is biased toward the sender• DSL:

– Convergence to a relative consistent state– No global network identity. Every DSL entity

defines its own relative identity based on origin keywords.

– Controllability is more balanced with other application challenges.

Spam on DSL

• Still needs much more evaluation on how the spammer can exploit the DSL framework.

• But, maybe some spammers will no longer spam economically!– Social network will give the merchants much

better channels to send their advertisements!

– Using spam to deliver product information over DSL might seriously hurt the sales on the social channels.

– Still there will still be some global spam activities.

Acknowledgement

Lerone BanksDimitri DeFigueiredo Felix HuangJuan Lang Xiaoming LuMatt SpearShih-Ming TsangShawn Ye

more info: wu@cs.cudavis.edu

Questions?

wu@cs.ucdavis.edu or DSL to me

Davis Social Links

davis social linkseasy

davis social linksitri

davis social linksurgent

users facebook

good users

email address

address space

fair simplicitythe spammers

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