CSS: Cascading Style Sheets
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CSS: Cascading Style CSS: Cascading Style SheetsSheets
What are Style SheetsWhat are Style Sheets
• A style sheet is a mechanism that allows to
specify how HTML (/XHTML/XML) pages
should look
• The style is specified by style rules
• The style rules appear either in the document or
in external files, called style sheets
Style SheetsStyle Sheets
• Usually, a file that ends with .css
• For example:
- i.a.cnn.net/cnn/.element/ssi/css/1.1/main.css (CNN)
- http://www.huji.ac.il/styles/style.css (HUJI)
• To attach a style sheet to an HTML file, add <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css-file"/>
to the head
Without a style sheet
Simple ExampleSimple Example
<html>
<head><title>A Joke</title></head>
<body>
<div><img src="tomato.gif" alt="joke"/></div>
<h1>A joke</h1>
<p>A mama tomato, a papa tomato and a baby tomato are walking
down the street. The baby tomato keeps falling behind so the papa
tomato goes back, steps on the baby tomato and says, ketchup
("Catch-up!"). </p>
</body>
</html>
Style File: Style File: joke.cssjoke.css
body {
background-image: url("bg.gif"); }
h1 {
background-color: green;
color: rgb(250, 200, 250); /* pink */
font-family: cursive }
p {
background-color: yellow;
color: purple;
font-size: 200%;}
Simple Example (with css)Simple Example (with css)
<html>
<head><title>A Joke</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="joke.css"/>
</head>
<body>
<div><img src="tomato.gif" alt="joke"></div>
<h1>A joke</h1>
<p>A mama tomato, a papa tomato and a baby tomato are walking
down the street. The baby tomato keeps falling behind so the papa
tomato goes back, steps on the baby tomato and says, ketchup
("Catch-up!"). </p> </body>
</html>
Why do we Need a Style Sheet?Why do we Need a Style Sheet?
• In XHTML (or HTML 4.01), styling is very
limited, hence style sheets are necessary
- Transitional versions are richer in style
• Separates content from style
• Reduces download time (how?)
• Allows to easily maintain a consistent
appearance over a whole Web site (how?)
Style RulesStyle Rulesh1 {
color: purple;
font-family: Impact, Arial Black;
font-size-adjust: .46;
font-size: 2.33em;
font-weight:400;
font-style:normal;
text-decoration: none;
word-spacing:normal !important;
letter-spacing:normal;
text-transform: none; }
Declaration
Property
Value(s)
Selector
“important”rule
Style Rules (cont)Style Rules (cont)
• A rule has the following form
selector {declaration block}
• The selector determines when the rule is applied
• For example, the following rule applies to text
that is inside a <p> tag
p {color: green; font-size: 1.5em; font-style: italic}
What Kind of Properties can a CSS What Kind of Properties can a CSS Style Sheet Change?Style Sheet Change?
• Style properties
• Layout properties
• There are many properties and many possible
values
- We will not cover all of them here
- Look in the Web !!!
- A good source: http://www.w3schools.com/css
Style PropertiesStyle Properties
Our ExamplesOur Examples
• We use the following HTML example:
This is <span> our example </span> for css.
• The <span> tag is used to group elements for
formatting with styles
- Extremely useful tag...
Font PropertiesFont Properties
• Font properties: family, size, weight, style, variant, ...
span {
font-family: courier;
font-size: 130%;
font-style: italic;
font-weight: bold}
Text PropertiesText Properties
• Text properties: color, transform, decoration, …
span {
color: #00cc00;
text-decoration: line-through;
text-transform: uppercase}
Background PropertiesBackground Properties
• Background properties: background-color,
background-image, …
span {background-color: #00ff00}
span {background-image: url('bg.gif');}
Layout PropertiesLayout Properties
Page LayoutPage Layout
• Each HTML element defines a layer (rectangular
box) that is placed in some location on the page
• Layers are nested with correspondence to the
nesting of their elements
Inline vs. Block ElementsInline vs. Block Elements
• There are two type of elements:
• Block elements: p, ol, table, div, h1, etc.
• Inline elements: b, i, a, span, cite, etc.
• Layers of block elements are separated from their
adjacent elements (i.e., a new line before and after),
while inline elements are not
• You can turn a block into an inline and vice-versa, using
the display property, e.g., h1 { display: inline }
Positioning ElementsPositioning Elements
• Using CSS, you can define the position of an element
inside its parent layer
• For that, use the properties position, left, right, top and
bottom
span {
position:relative;
left: 1cm;
top: 1cm;
color: #00cc00;}
Position TypesPosition Types
• But 1cm left to what??
• For that, we have the position property
• Four position types:
- static: the default position
- absolute: relative to the parent layer coordinates
- relative: relative to the static position
- fixed: relative to the window coordinates
Position ExamplesPosition Examples
span {
position:absolute;
left: 1cm;
top: 1cm;
color: #00cc00;} span {
position:fixed;
left: 1cm;
top: 1cm;
color: #00cc00;}
Position ExamplesPosition Examples
span {
position:static;
left: 1cm;
top: 1cm;
color: #00cc00;}
Totally Ignored! This is the
default position type
More Layout PropertiesMore Layout Properties
• Layer properties
- margin-top (-bottom, -left, -right)
- padding-top (-bottom, -left, -right)
- border-width (-color, -style, … )
• Text Layout
- direction, word-spacing, white-space, letter-
spacing, line-height, text-align, text-indent, …
Length UnitsLength Units
• CSS has several types of length units:
- em, ex: height of current fonts
- px, in, cm, mm, pt, pc: international units
- %: ratio of parent’s respective dimension
• A page should remain a proper layout when
windows (and even fonts) resize
- Hence, do not assume anything about default sizes
Selector TypesSelector Types
Several Kinds of SelectorsSeveral Kinds of Selectors
• Type Selectors
• Class Selectors
• ID Selectors
• Attribute Selectors
• Universal Selector
• Child Selectors
• Adjacent-Sibling Selectors
• Descendant Selectors
• Pseudo-Class Selectors
• Pseudo-Element Selectors
Not supported by IE 5, 5.5 and 6
Type SelectorType Selector
• A type selector is the name of an element type
• A type selector matches every instance of the
element typeLI {color: red; font-size: 16px}
Matches:<ol>
<li> An item </li>
<li class="reditem"> Another item </li>
</ol>
Class SelectorClass Selector
• A class selector is a selector of the form x.y
• It matches xs that have the class attribute with
value yLI.reditem {color: red}
Matches:<ol>
<li> An item </li>
<li class="reditem"> Another item </li>
</ol>
.reditem { color: red} will also work!
ID SelectorsID Selectors
• IDs are identical to classes, except that there can only be
one element with a given ID in a document
LI#23 {color: red}
Matches:<ol>
<li> An item </li>
<li id="23"> Another item </li>
</ol>
#23 { color: red} will also work!
Attribute SelectorsAttribute Selectors
• p[attribute]
- matches p when attribute is set to any value
• p[title=intro] or p[title="intro"] (the quotes are optional)
- matches p when its title attribute is set to “intro”
• p[class~=green]
- matches p when the class attribute value includes the
word “green”
Universal SelectorUniversal Selector
• The universal selector matches every element
• The following rule means that all the text will have a
size of 40px
* {font-size: 40px }
Descendant SelectorDescendant Selector
• A descendant selector has the form S1 S2 where
S1 and S2 are selectors
• It matches all elements that
- match S2, and
- are descendants (nested in) elements that match S1
An ExampleAn Example
.href em {color: blue}
Matches: This is <em>not blue</em>.
<p>
This is <em> blue </em>
<span><i>and so is <em> this </em></i></span>.
</p>
What will this match?
p em {color: blue}
Pseudo-ClassesPseudo-Classes
• Pseudo class selectors are similar to class
selectors, but they match states rather than class
values
- For example, a link can be in the states: visited,
active, mouse-over (“hover”), etc.
- Another example: a text-area can be focused
Examples of Rules for Examples of Rules for Pseudo-ClassesPseudo-Classes
• A:link {color: blue}
• A:visited {color: purple}
• A:hover {font-size: 1.5em}
• A:active {color: red}
• INPUT:focus {background-color: yellow}
Grouping SelectorsGrouping Selectors
• We can group several declarations by specifying
several selectors, separated by commas
• For example, the following rule applies to all
elements that match either H1, P B, or
H2[class=largehead]
P B, H1, H2.largehead {font-size: 120%}
Inserting Style to a PageInserting Style to a Page
Inline StylesInline Styles
• In an inline style, the declaration block appear as the
value of the attribute style of the element
• Almost every tag can have the style attribute
- exceptional: base, head, html, meta, param, script, style
and title
<p style="color: green; font-size: 1.5em; font-style: italic">
This text will be shown in italic green and the size will be 1.5 times the current font size
</p>
Document-Level StyleDocument-Level Style
<html> <head>
<style type="text/css">
body {color: red; background: skyblue;}
h1 { color: blue }
</style>
</head>
<body>... </body>
</html>
Imported Style SheetsImported Style Sheets
• The @import rule imports the style rules of another
style sheet
• Usage: @import url(file.css)
• Several import rules may appear at the beginning of the
style sheet
• Import rules can appear in embedded style sheets or in
external style sheets
Imported Style SheetsImported Style Sheets
Why do we need the import
command?
@import url(general.css);
body { color: red; background:skyblue }
h1 { color: blue }
An Example:
Inheritance and CascadingInheritance and Cascading
Inheritance of PropertiesInheritance of Properties
• Consider a property of an element that does not match
any rule
• For some properties (inherited properties), the
computed value of this property is inherited from the
parent of the element
• For example, color, font and word-spacing are
inherited
• Yet border, margin and padding are not!
An ExampleAn Example
• Given the rules:
- body { font-size: 10pt }
- h1 { font-size: 120% }
• What will be the font size of the <em> element?
<body>
<h1>A <em>large</em> heading</h1>
</body>
Computed Value: 12pt
Cascading of StylesCascading of Styles
• CSS merges style rules from different places
(inline, document-level, linked and defaults)
• Different places may have conflicting style rules
- conflicts may even arise in a single source
• The process of merging (cascading) styles from
different places determines which style rules
have higher priority
Determining Property ValuesDetermining Property Values
• Suppose that we would like to determine the value of
property p for element e
• Choose all declarations that have a selector that matches
e and have the property p
• Choose the first declaration in the cascading order, and
apply the corresponding rule
Cascading OrderCascading Order
The cascading order of declarations:
1. Primary sort: importance of origin
2. Secondary sort: specificity of selectors
3. Final sort: order of appearance
Importance of OriginImportance of Origin
• There are two rule origins: author and browser
(either defaults or user customizations)
browser !important rules
author !important rules
author rules
browser rules
Specificity of SelectorsSpecificity of Selectors
is rule in style attribute?
number of ID attributes
number of attributes and pseudo-classes
number of element names
An ExampleAn Example
• Consider the following rules:
- li {…}
- #x34y {…}
- ul ol li.red {…}
• Which is the most specific?
Order of AppearanceOrder of Appearance
• If two rules have the same origin importance and
specificity, then the one that appears last in the
style sheet overrides the others
• Rules in imported style sheets (@import) are
considered to appear before local rules
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