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PRESENTER : ALICE TABITHA PHUA KIA XIN REGINA TAN YUN RU PRISCILLA CHIENG
CRITICAL FACILITY Those structures critical to the operation of a
community and the key installations of the economic sector.
The term "critical facilities" in this chapter is used to include all man-made structures or other improvements which because of their function, size, service area, or uniqueness have the potential to cause serious bodily harm, extensive property damage, or disruption of vital socioeconomic activities if they are destroyed, damaged, or if their services are repeatedly interrupted.
CRITICAL FACILITY MAPPINGCritical facilities maps (CFM) are a graphical
reference which includes information on the location and characteristics of these vital systems.
The impact of a natural event on critical facilities is sufficiently important that the mapping of such vital systems should be part of any development planning study.
EXAMPLES OF NATURAL PHENOMENA WHICH MAY BE
HAZARDOUS
Mapping critical facilities, comparing or combining that information with a multiple hazard map and integrating both into project preparation improve decisions during the different stages of the development planning process. The use of the maps ranges from location decisions to criteria for developing construction standards.
The term "lifelines" has been variously defined as:
Systems vital to the support of any community (Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, 1977).
Facilities which are required to transport people, things, energy, and information, necessary "for a community in a modern industrial society to survive and prosper," and "indispensable... to other facilities and services that are critical in a disaster setting such as hospitals, fire fighting, and emergency operation centers" (Schiff, 1984).
(1) water, transportation, and communications facilities necessary for the survival of a community
(2) systems that provide essential services to a community
(3) services that are important in our daily lives and that, if interrupted, could cause widespread social and economic inconvenience or loss
KEY CONSIDERATIONS WHEN IDENTIFYING CRITICAL FACILITIES WITHIN A DEVELOPMENT PLANNING PROCESS
Unique or large structures whose failure might be catastrophic.
Emergency facilities whose operation is crucial immediately before, during, or after a disaster.
High-density occupancy structures whose failure would result in numerous deaths and injuries.
Facilities required for public safety and security.
Critical FacilitiesDefinition - is used to include all man-made
structures or other improvements which because of their function, size, service area, or uniqueness have the potential to cause serious bodily harm, extensive property damage, or disruption of vital socioeconomic activities if they are destroyed, damaged, or if their services are repeatedly interrupted.
Extensive exposure in terms of their lineal character (e.g. railways and pipelines).
Capacity or service areas affecting large numbers of people and vital national or regional socioeconomic activities (e.g., energy systems, irrigation systems, public offices, potable water installations).
Large numbers of people exposed, requiring immediate and intensive use of skilled persons and limited resources during search and rescue operations (e.g., medical facilities).
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Characteristics of Critical Facilities
Size and continuous-use character, whose failure can cause secondary hazards over very large areas and an increase in the number of people affected (e.g., flooding because of dam failure, lost food production because of irrigation system damage, conflagrations because of chemical explosions).
Sole supply to emergency facilities (e.g.. electricity) or sole access for repairs to other critical facilities (e.g., highways).
Vital for everyday emergencies, easily overloaded during a disaster, and no substitutes available if damaged (e.g., hospitals and emergency management centers).
Operation necessary for effective response and recovery activities during and after an emergency (e.g., airports, power generators).
Benefits in Using Critical Facilities Maps
Maps are the most effective way to convey actual and relative location of critical facilities. A CFM is a prerequisite to addressing and reducing natural hazards that may affect new or existing critical facilities.
Critical Facility Information
Display-SYMBOLS-
LOCATION TYPE
SERVICE AREA
CAPACITY
IMPACT
LOCATION
TYPE
SERVICE AREA
CAPACITY
IMPACT
GENERAL CRITERIA FOR DATA COLLECTION WHEN COMPILING CFM Collecting base maps and appropriate facilities
information from the sources identified. Evaluating the uniformity and completeness of such
information-areal coverage, detail, content, information needed (location, number, type, size or capacity, and service area), format, and symbols.
Selecting the most appropriate base map (and scale) to be used, facilities to be shown, and symbols to portray those facilities.
Combining or integrating the selected facilities information into the CFM in an accurate, clear, and convenient way.
KEY CONSIDERATIONS FOR REDUCING VULNERABILITY IN CRITICAL FACILITIES Updating of hazard information and maps by
scientists and engineers. Continuous updating of facilities information and
maps by facilities managers and designers. Accurate site investigations by qualified geologists
or geotechnical engineers.
Careful evaluations of facilities by architects, engineers, and safety specialists.
Prompt adherence to facility emergency procedures by operators and managers.
Conscientious administration of regulations by building and zoning inspectors and consistent enforcement by government officials.
Sustained support of inspection and enforcement officials by political leaders.
Skillful advocacy by public officials and informed interpretation by the courts, if the techniques are challenged.
Concern for individual, family, and community health, safety, and welfare by developers, investors, donors, and insurers.
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