Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 1 Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry The study of carbon-containing compounds and their.
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Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
1
Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry
The study of carbon-containing compounds and their properties.The vast majority of organic compounds contain chains of rings of carbon atoms.The study of the chemistry of living things.
Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
2
Hydrocarbons
. . . compounds composed of carbon and hydrogen.
Saturated: carbon-carbon bonds are all single - alkanes [CnH2n+2]
H C
H
H
C
H
H
H
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3
Hydrocarbons(continued)
Unsaturated: contains carbon-carbon multiple bonds.
H C
H
H
C
H
CH
H
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4
Rules for Naming Alkanes
1. For alkanes beyond butane, add -ane to the Greek root for the number of carbons.
C-C-C-C-C-C = hexane
2. Alkyl substituents: drop the -ane and add -yl.
-C2H5 is ethyl
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5
Rules for Naming Alkanes
3. Positions of substituent groups are specified by numbering the longest chain sequentially.
C C-C-C-C-C-C
3-methylhexane
4. Location and name are followed by root alkane name. Substituents in alphabetical order and use di-, tri-, etc.
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6
Substitution Reactions
Primarily where halogen atoms replace hydrogen atoms.
CHCl Cl CCl HClh3 2 4
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7
Cyclic Alkanes
Carbon atoms can form rings containing only carbon-carbon single bonds.
C3H6, C4H8, C6H12
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8
Alkenes and Alkynes
Alkenes: hydrocarbons that contain a carbon-carbon double bond. [CnH2n]
CC=C propene
Alkynes: hydrocarbons containing a carbon-carbon triple bond.
CCCCC 2-pentyne
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9
Nomenclature for Alkenes
1. Root hydrocarbon name ends in -ene
C2H4 is ethene
2. With more than 3 carbons, double bond is indicated by the lowest numbered carbon atom in the bond.
C=CCC is 1-butene
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10
Addition Reactions
. . . in which (weaker) bonds are broken and new (stronger) bonds are formed to atoms being added.
CH CHCH H CH CH CHcatalyst2 3 2 3 2 3
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11
Aromatic Hydrocarbons
A special class of cyclic unsaturated hydrocarbons.
+ Cl2
FeCl3
Cl
+ HCl
benzene Chlorobenzene
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12
The Common Functional Groups
Class General Formula
Halohydrocarbons RX Alcohols ROH
Ethers ROR Aldehydes CR
OH
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13
The Common Functional Groups
Class General Formula
Ketones
Carboxylic Acids
Esters
Amines RNH2
CRO
R'
CRO
OH
CRO
O R'
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14
Polymers
. . . are large, usually chainlike molecules that are built from small molecules called monomers.
Monomer PolymerEthylene PolyethyleneVinyl chloride Polyvinyl
chlorideTetrafluoroethylene Teflon
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15
Types of Polymerization
Addition Polymerization: monomers “add together” to form the polymer, with no other products. (Teflon)
Condensation Polymerization: A small molecule, such as water, is formed for each extension of the polymer chain. (Nylon)
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16
Proteins
•Natural polymers made up of -amino acids (molecular weight from 6000 to >1,000,000 g/mol).
•Fibrous Proteins: provide structural integrity and strength to muscle, hair and cartilage.
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17
Proteins(continued)
• Globular Proteins: roughly spherical shape transport and store oxygen and nutrients act as catalysts fight invasion by foreign objects participate in the body’s regulatory
system transport electrons in metabolism
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18
-Amino Acids
NH2 always attached to the -carbon (the carbon attached to COOH)
•C = -carbon
H2N C
H
COOH
R
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19
Bonding in -Amino Acids
• + H2O
• A peptide linkage•There are 20 amino acids commonly found in proteins.
CNH
H
H
R
C
O
N
H
C
H
R'
CO
OH
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20
Levels of Structure
•Primary: Sequence of amino acids in the protein chain.
•Secondary: The arrangement of the protein chain in the long molecule (hydrogen bonding determines this).
•Tertiary: The overall shape of the protein (determined by hydrogen-bonding, dipole-dipole interactions, ionic bonds, covalent bonds and London forces).
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21
Carbohydrates
•Food source for most organisms and structural material for plants.
•Empirical formula = CH2O
•Monosaccharides (simple sugars) pentoses - ribose, arabinose hexoses - fructose, glucose
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22
Carbohydrates(continued)
•Disaccharides (formed from 2 monosaccharides joined by a glycoside linkage) sucrose (glucose + fructose)
•Polysaccharides (many monosaccharide units) starch, cellulose
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23
Nucleic Acids
•DNA (deoxyribonucleic acids): stores and transmits genetic information, responsible (with RNA) for protein synthesis. (Molar mass = several billion)
•RNA (ribonucleic acid): helps in protein synthesis. (Molecular weight = 20,000 to 40,000) messenger RNA transfer RNA
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