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Chapter 5Digestive System

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Learning Objectives

Name the organs of the digestive system and describe their locations and functions.

Describe disease processes and symptoms that affect these organs.

Define combining forms for organs and the meaning of related terminology using these word parts.

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Chapter 5Lesson 5.1

Background Assessment

What is the difference between the small and large intestine?

What are the three functions of the digestive system? Describe each function.

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Introduction

Digestive or gastrointestinal system

performs three main functions: digestion absorption elimination

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Organs of the Digestive System

The gastrointestinal tracts begins with the oral cavity.

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Oral Cavity

Major parts of the oral cavity

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Oral Cavity (cont’d.)

Upper permanent teeth within the dental arch

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Oral Cavity (cont’d.)

Anatomy of a tooth

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Oral Cavity (cont’d.)

Salivary glands

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Pharynx

Deglutition

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Esophagus/Stomach

Parts of the stomach

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Small Intestine

Parts of the small intestine

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Small Intestine (cont’d.)

Villi in the lining of the small intestine

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Large Intestine

Parts of the large intestine

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Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas

Parts of the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

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Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas (cont’d.)

Bilirubin pathway from bloodstream to elimination in feces

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Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas (cont’d.)

Besides producing bile and

releasing bilirubin, the liver: helps maintain normal blood glucose

levels manufactures blood proteins

necessary for clotting removes toxins and poisons from the

blood

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Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas (cont’d.)

The pancreas and its functions

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Food enters through the oral cavity and exits through the anus

Food Pathway through the GI Tract

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Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Terminology

Examples of Combining Forms

Combining Form Meaning Terminology

bucc/o cheek buccal mucosa

celi/o belly, abdomen celiac

dent/l tooth dentibuccal

esophag/o esophagus esophageal

sialaden/o salivary gland sialadenitis

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Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Terminology (cont’d.)

Three types of anastomoses

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Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Terminology (cont’d.)

Examples of Suffixes

Suffix Meaning Terminology

-ase enzyme lipase

-chezia defecation hematochezia

-iasis abnormal condition choledocholithiasis

-prandial meal postprandial

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Chapter 5Lesson 5.2

Critical Thinking ?

Frank, who is 72 yr. old, comes into the ER department with rectal bleeding. What could be the problem? What dietary changes can reduce the risk of this problem?

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Critical Thinking ?

Alexandra has chronic heartburn. What could be causing the heartburn? What is the name for the condition? What can be done to treat it? What could happen if it isn’t treated?

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Pathology of the Digestive System

Examples of symptoms: anorexia - lack of appetite eructation - gas expelled from the

stomach through the mouth steatorrhea - fat in the feces; frothy,

foul-smelling fecal matter ascites - abnormal accumulation of

fluid in the abdomen

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Pathological Conditions

Oral Cavity and Teeth aphthous stomatitis - inflammation of

the mouth with small, painful ulcers dental caries - tooth decay

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Pathological Conditions (cont’d.)

Upper Gastrointestinal Tract esophageal varices - swollen,

varicose veins in the distal portion of the esophagus or upper part of the stomach

gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) - solids and fluids return to the mouth from the stomach

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Pathological Conditions (cont’d.)

Upper Gastrointestinal Tract achalasia - failure of the lower esophagus

sphincter (LES) muscle to relax

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Pathological Conditions (cont’d.)

Lower Gastrointestinal Tract colonic polyposis - polyps (benign

growths) protrude from the mucous membrane of the colon

diverticulosis - abnormal side pockets (outpouchings) in the intestinal wall

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Pathological Conditions (cont’d.)

LowerGastrointestinalTract anal fistula -

abnormal tube-like passageway near the anus

colonic polyposis

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Pathological Conditions (cont’d.)

Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas cirrhosis - chronic degenerative

disease of the liver viral hepatitis - inflammation of the

liver caused by a virus

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Pathological Conditions (cont’d.)

Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas cholelithiasis -

gallstones in the gallbladder