COMPUTER NETWORKING FUNDAMENTAL

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COMPUTER NETWORKING

FUNDAMENTAL

Network Cabling Preparation

Cable is the medium through which information usually moves from one network device to another.

There are several types of cable which are commonly used with LANs.

The type of cable chosen for a network is related to the network's topology, protocol, and size.

Understanding the characteristics of different types of cable and how they relate to other aspects of a network is necessary for the development of a successful network.

Network Cabling Preparation

Some Tips:-A straight-thru cable has identical ends.A crossover cable has different ends.A straight-thru is used as a patch cord in Ethernet

connections.A crossover is used to connect two Ethernet devices

without a hub or for connecting two hubs.A crossover has one end with the Orange set of wires

switched with the Green set.Looking at the RJ-45 with the clip facing away from

you, Brown is always on the right, and pin 1 is on the left.

Network Cabling Preparation

Demonstrate straight-through UTP cable

The ANSI/TIA/EIA (American National Standards Institute/ Telecommunication Industry Association /Electronic Industry Association) 568-A standard which was ratified in 1995, was replaced by the TIA/EIA 568-B standard in 2002 and has been updated since.

Both standards define the T-568A and T-568B pin-outs for using Unshielded Twisted Pair cable and RJ-45 connectors for Ethernet connectivity

Demonstrate straight-through UTP cable

Difference Between Straight Through & Crossover Cables

Demonstrate straight-through UTP cable

Carefully remove the outer jacket of the cable.

Be careful when stripping the jacket as to not nick

or cut the internal wiring. Locate the string inside

with the wires, or if no string is found, use the

wires themselves to unzip the sheath of the cable

by holding the sheath in one hand and pulling

sideways with the string or wire. Cut away the

unzipped sheath and cut the twisted pairs about 1

1/4" (30 mm). You will notice 8 wires twisted in 4

pairs. Each pair will have one wire of a certain

color and another wire that is white with a colored

stripe matching its partner (this wire is called a

tracer).

Demonstrate straight-through UTP cable

Inspect the newly revealed wires for any

cuts or scrapes that expose the copper

wire inside. If you have breached the

protective sheath of any wire, you will need

to cut the entire segment of wires off and

start over at step one. Exposed copper wire

will lead to cross-talk, poor performance or

no connectivity at all. It is important that the

jacket for all network cables remains intact.

Demonstrate straight-through UTP cable

Untwist the pairs so they will lay flat between your fingers. The white piece of thread can be cut off even with the jacket and disposed (see Warnings). For easier handling, cut the wires so that they are 3/4" (19 mm) long from the base of the jacket and even in length.

Demonstrate straight-through UTP cable

Arrange the wires based on the wiring specifications you are following. There are two methods set by the TIA, 568A and 568B. For our demonstration in the following steps, we will use 568B.

568B - Put the wires in the following order, from left to right:

white orange orange white green blue white blue green white brown Brown

Demonstrate straight-through UTP cable

Press all the wires flat and

parallel between your thumb

and forefinger.

Keep the wires flat and in order

as you push them into the RJ-45

plug with the flat surface of the

plug on top

Demonstrate straight-through UTP cable

Place the wired plug into the crimping tool. Give the handle a firm squeeze. You should hear a ratcheting noise as you continue. Once you have completed the crimp, the handle will reset to the open position. To ensure all pins are set, some prefer to double-crimp by repeating this step.

Demonstrate straight-through UTP cable

Repeat all of the above steps with the other end of the cable. The way you wire the other end (568A or 568B) will depend on whether you're making a straight-through, rollover, or cross-over cable (see Tips).

Demonstrate straight-through UTP cable

Test the cable to ensure that it will function in the field. Mis-wired and incomplete network cables could lead to headaches down the road. In addition, with power-over-Ethernet (PoE) making its way into the market place, crossed wire pairs could lead to physical damage of computers or phone system equipment, making it even more crucial that the pairs are in the correct order. A simple cable tester can quickly verify that information for you. Should you not have a network cable tester on hand, simply test connectivity pin to pin.

Demonstrate straight-through UTP cable

3.3.2 Demonstrate cross-over UTP cable

cross-over UTP cable

A CAT 5 Twisted Pair

3.3.3 Construct UTP cables at patch panels and wall jacks

How to Make Network Cables

Cable - Be sure the cable are using is properly rated for CAT 5

Category 5 (CAT 5) cables will be used in this lab.

CAT 5 has 4 twisted-pairs of  wire for a total of eight individually insulated wires.

Network Cable

Each pair is color coded with one wire having a solid color (blue, orange, green, or brown) twisted around a second wire with a white background and a stripe of the same color.

Cable colors are commonly described using the background color followed by the color of the stripe; e.g., white-orange is a cable with a white background and an orange stripe.

Network Cables (con’t)

The patch cables are terminated with CAT 5 RJ-45 modular plugs.

RJ-45 plugs are similar to those you'll see on the end of your telephone cable except they have eight versus two to six contacts on the end of the plug and they are about twice as big.

RJ means "Registered Jack".

Network Connectors

The main tool used will be a modular crimp tool.

Basically, a tool which will securely crimp RJ-45 connectors.

This tool is used to cut, stripe, and crimp the wire.

Network Cable Tools

There are two wire color-code standards apply: T568A and T568B.

For class purposes the T568B will be used.

Colour Code Standards

We will be creating straight-thru cables, which are identical at each end (whereas as cross-over cable has different ends).

Straight-Thru Cables

1. Pull the cable off the reel to the desired length and cut (approx. 1

metre.2. Strip one end of the cable with the

stripper (push through until the wire touches

the stopper).3. Inspect the wire for ‘nicks’, start again if necessary.

Let’s Get Started!

4. Spread and arrange the pairs roughly in the order of the desired cable end.

5. Untwist the pairs and arrange the wires in the order of the desired cable end. Trim the ends of the wires so they are even with one another. There should be little or no space between the wires.

Preparing the Wire

6. Hold the RJ-45 plug with the clip facing down or away from you.  Push the wire firmly into the plug. 

7. INSPECT THE WIRE BEFORE YOU CRIMP!!!!

Adding the RJ-45 Plug

8. Hold the wire near the RJ-45 plug with the clip down and firmly push it into the left side of the front of the crimper (it will only go in one way).  Make sure that the inner conductors are flush with the tip of the connector and directly under the gold contacts. Hold the wire in place, squeeze the crimper

handles quite firmly.  This is what will happen:

Ready to Crimp??

9. Crimp it once.  The crimper pushes two plungers down on the RJ-45 plug.  One forces a plastic plug/wedge onto the cable jacket and very firmly clinches it.  The other seats the "pins," each with two teeth at its end, through the insulation and into the conductors of their respective wires.

Crimp it Up!!!

10. Repeat these steps to the opposite end of the cable. Ensure that the colour order is identical.11. Once both ends are done, test the cable.

NOTE: You only get 2 modular plugs; thus, you only get 1 chance to crimp.

Repeat

A cable tester (or LAN Multimeter) is a piece of test equipment used to ensure a network cable functions as specified. You can use the cable tester to check the connectors are wired correctly (conductors making contact, pin-outs correct) as well as the length of the cable. More expensive testers can also check resistance to interference, quality of the cable (cat 5 vs. cat 6), etc. In this portion of the lab, we will use a cable tester to check known good cables.

3.3.4 DEMOSTRARE TEST UTP CABLES USING CABLE TESTER

1. Obtain a cable tester package and a cross-over cable from your instructor.

2. Turn on the cable tester by turning the dial on the front from OFF to TEST.If nothing is displayed, obtain fresh batteries from and install them.

3. Turn the tester back off.4. Plug one end of the straight-through cable into RJ-45 plug on

the end of the tester (up by the display) and the other end into the cable identifier (sort of looks like a special thumb-drive).

5. With the straight-through cable still plugged in, turn the dial from OFF to WIRE MAP.

6. You will get two rows of numbers indicating which conductor is wired to which conductor on the other end. The conductors on the “near” end are shown on the top conductors on the “far”

STEP

3.3.5 ASSEMBLE FIBER OPTIC CABLE WITH APPROPRIATE TERMINATION

STEP 1

STEP 2

STEP 3

STEP 4,5,6,& 7

STEP 8 & 9

STEP 10

STEP 11

STEP 12

STEP 13

STEP 14

STEP 15

3.3.6 Prepared Fiber Optic Cords to the switch

• Fiber optic switch:-I. incredibly fastII. advanced technological device that enables to get

information from the internet to computer faster than ever before.

• Tools and Materials Needed: I. Fiber optic switchII. Fiber optic internet connection III. UTP 5 fiber optic cableIV. RJ45 terminalV. Fiber optic switchVI. Computer

Procedure Prepare Fiber Optic Cords to the switch

Step 1 : Set up a Fiber Optic Internet Connection

Step 2 : Purchase a Cable and TerminalStep 3 : Connect the Cable to the Fiber

Optic SwitchStep 4 : Configure the Switch

STEP 1 :-(Set up a Fiber Optic Internet Connection)Before you can even think about installing the fiber optic

switch, you have to get the right kind of internet connected to your home first.

Contact your internet service provider to see about the possibilities of getting fiber optic service in your home (or business).

You may need to shop around in order to get the best deal in terms of price and in terms of how quickly the internet can get set up for you.

STEP 2 :-(Purchase a Cable and Terminal) Once you have the proper internet set up, you’ll need to get the switch, a

special cable and terminal (the plastic end on the cable that you insert into the switch, like a phone jack).

Your internet provider may send you a fiber optic switch as part of the internet package, but just as often, you’ll need to buy one yourself.

Furthermore, in order to install the fiber optic switch, you’ll need a UTP 5 or 5e cable, which is the minimum category to get the correct speed of transmission of data.

The cable is usually sold in lengths of 500 feet, but you shouldn’t use more than 300 feet to connect the switch to your computer.

You also need to buy an RJ45 terminal

STEP 3 :- (Connect the Cable to the Fiber Optic Switch)Wire the cable into the fiber optic switch according to

manufacturer’s directions. At this time, you’ll connect the switch to the distributed

internet and the local area network. If your switch has wireless capacity, it will begin to

broadcast wireless to your computer; otherwise, use the network cable to connect the switch to the computer.

STEP 4 :- (Configure the Switch)Log on your computer and set up the switch with the

username and password that the internet provider sent to you.

Then, set the computer up to use the switch to browse the web.

3.3.7 Test Connectivity Of Workstation Through The Fiber Optic Cable And SwitchFiber optic testing includes three basic tests that we

will cover separately but the main focusing on Loss testing.

Testing Loss :-There are two methods that are used to measure loss,

which we call :-I. Single-ended loss :- uses only the launch

cable II. Double-ended loss :- uses a receive cable attached

to the meter also.

Single-ended loss :-Single-ended loss is measured by mating the cable you

want to test to the reference launch cable and measuring the power out the far end with the meter.

The loss of the connector mated to the launch cable and 2. The loss of any fiber, splices or other connectors in the cable you are testing.

This method is described in FOTP-171 and is shown in the drawing. Reverse the cable to test the connector on the other end.

Double-ended loss :-In a double-ended loss test, you attach the cable to

test between two reference cables, one attached to the source and one to the meter.

 This way, you measure two connectors' loses, one on each end, plus the loss of all the cable or cables in between.

This is the method specified in OFSTP-14, the test for loss in an installed cable plant.