Child and adolescence(socio emotional development)

Prepared by:ANIYAH A. SAIDAR

Emotion is part of a person’s character that consists of their feelings as opposed to their thoughts.

Physiology- depends on maturation in nervous system and the endocrinal system Social development -depends on child instincts and responses of those around him.

 Influences on Social, Emotional and Psychological

Development Culture and child rearing practices Disposition/temperament Gender/sex role Family circumstances/Socio-economic

background Physical health Ordinal position (place in the family) Social opportunities/ self concept/self esteem

Erikson’s Psychosocial Stage Trust vs. Mistrust

Psychosocial Stage

Period of Development

Description

Basic trust versus

mistrust

Infancy

From warm, responsive care, infants gain a sense of trust, or confidence that the world is safe and predictable.Mistrust occurs when children are neglected or caregivers do not respond promptly or consistently to children’s cues.

Infant EmotionsInfants learn emotional responses from those around them.

Social referencing – refers to infants using the emotional signals of others to guide their behaviour.

Stranger anxiety – begins to appear around 6 to 9 months when a fear of unfamiliar

adults develops.

Separation anxiety – once infants have developed attachment to their primary

caregivers, they become distressed when they are separated from their attachment figure. This is usually seen around 8-9 months.

Caregivers need to respond to children’s individual cues as stranger and separation anxiety will vary from infant to infant and situation to situation.

Erikson’s Psychosocial Stage Autonomy vs. Shame and DoubtPsychosocial

StagePeriod of

DevelopmentDescription

Autonomy versus

shame and doubt

Toddlerhood

Using new cognitive and motor skills, toddlers begin to assert themselves.  Autonomy is fostered when caregivers allow limited choices and time for toddlers to practice their skills.

If the child is not allowed to make decisions or if they undertake actions beyond their abilities shame or doubt could occur.

Cultural Differences in the Development of Autonomy

Cultural beliefs and practices may affect the degree to which children will seek autonomy.

Parental expectations will have an affect on the development of autonomy, as will methods of discipline and

children’s personality.

When parents foster independence they will be supportive of the development of autonomy in young children.

When dependence and obedience is valued, behaviour management strategies may be put into place to encourage children to develop autonomy at a different pace.

Self concept/Self-esteemSelf concept refers to the picture we have of ourselves.

Self-esteem is the value we place upon those qualities, skills and attributes – how positive we feel about those characteristics.Toddlers who develop a sense of autonomy or some control over their lives are likely to develop positive self-esteem.

Much of this is dependent on the feedback they receive from others.

It is important that we have realistic expectations of children and match this with the support and recognition we give them.

Toddler’s Emotions - Temper TantrumsExpected behaviour in toddlers

Occur for a variety of reasons, primarily frustration or fatigue

Frustration can arise because of the toddlers’ developing sense of self and limits to their physical and language abilities.

Frustration can also occur if unrealistic expectations are placed on toddlersFatigue can occur if toddlers do not receive adequate rest and Nutrition.Toddlers need a balance of active and quiet times through the day

Toddler’s Emotions - Aggression

Not uncommon in social interactions in toddlers

Linked to limited language abilities and inability to control their emotions

Toddler’s Emotions - Fears Stem from toddlers’ difficulty in

distinguishing between fantasy and reality

Common fears include: the dark, going down the plughole in the bath, monster and loud noises.

Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages Initiative vs Guilt

Psychosocial Stage Period of Development Description

Initiative vs

guilt

Preschool years

Preschoolers develop an increasing sense of their own ability and a desire to plan and make things happen. If encouraged this leads to a sense of initiative and supports the development of high self-esteem.

Psychosocial Stage

Period of Development

Description

Initiative vs

guilt

Pre-school years

If preschoolers receive negative feedback or are punished for planning or trying to make things happen a sense of guilt may develop and thus low self esteem

Pre-schoolers’ Social, Emotional and Psychological Development

Self concept• Pre-schoolers are aware of

themselves as individuals• They start to compare their

characteristics and abilities to those of others

• They begin to take notice of what skills and behaviour are valued by

their family and social groups

Pre-schoolers’ Social DevelopmentPre-schoolers’ friendships

• Three years olds tend to see friendships in a concrete way (a friend is someone

to play with and talk to)• Five year olds tend to develop a

sense of loyalty towards particular friends

• Pro-social behaviours develop through the preschool years

Moral Development• Moral development relates to how children learn to decide if a

behaviour is right or wrong.

• Pre-schoolers begin to develop a conscience and start to feel “uncomfortable” or “guilty” if they do something they know is wrong.

• At this stage moral standards are inconsistent. Rules may be applied in one situation but not in other similar situations.

• Pre-schoolers show egocentric behaviour and are often unable to take another person’s point of view into consideration.

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Pre-schoolers’ Emotional Development

Aggression:

• Anger and frustration in pre-schoolers may result in

aggressive behaviour which can include punching, breaking items, name calling etc.

• Educators need to stop the behaviour, remain calm and help support the child in developing more positive ways to express his/her feelings.

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Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages Industry vs Inferiority

Psychosocial Stage Period of Development

Description

Industry Vs

Inferiority

Middle Childhood

 The child is now faced with the need to win approval through specific skills demanded by his /her culture. If the child develops the expected skills, he/she will develop a sense of industry and experience high self-esteem.  19

Psychosocial Stage

Period of Development

Description

Industry vs

Inferiority

Middle Childhoo

d

If the child receives negative feedback and has trouble developing these skills he/she will develop a sense of inferiority and experience low self-esteem.

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Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages Industry vs Inferiority

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