Transcript
Maturation
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PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
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HEIGHTMost obvious feature of physical growth.
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HEIGHT
• Average US newborn• 20” long
• Year 1: Grow 50% • 30” long
• Year 2: 5”
• Until adolescence
• Growth speed slowly decreases
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CEPHALOCAUDAL
• Cap
• Growth starts at the top & moves downward.
• Birth Head • Head 25% body length
• Years 1 & 2
• Torso & limbs begin to catch up
• Adult Head
• Head 1/8th of height
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CHANGES IN PROPORTIONS OF THE HUMAN BODY DURING GROWTH
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GROSS MOTOR SKILLS
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MEASURES OF INFANT DEVELOPMENT
• Gesell: • Distinguish abnormal babies for adoption agencies
• Developmental quotient (DQ):
• Overall developmental score• 4 categories
• Motor
• Language
• Adaptive
• Personal-social
Individual Differences in Infancy Assessed for PredictionsIndividual Differences in Infancy Assessed for Predictions
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MEASURES OF INFANT DEVELOPMENT
• Bayley Scales of Infant Development• Bayley-III
• Age 1-3
• Widely used if problem suspected
• Assesses infant, predicts later behavior
Individual Differences in Infancy Assessed for PredictionsIndividual Differences in Infancy Assessed for Predictions
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BAYLEY KIT
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MILESTONES IN GROSS MOTOR DEVELOPMENT
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CULTURAL VARIATIONS • Reach motor milestones in different cultures
• Based on activity opportunities
• Mothers in developing cultures• Stimulate infants’ motor skills more than mothers
in more advanced cultures. • Why?
How Do Infants Develop Motor Skills?
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GROSS MOTOR SKILLS
• Milestones for large muscle activities• Development of posture
• Learning to walk; locomotion, balance, & practice (crawling to walking)
• Adapting to slopes
• 1st yr. milestones: walks easily
• Development in 2nd yr.• Skilled & mobile: pull toys, climb stairs
• Natural exercise: walk quickly, run stiffly
How Do Infants Develop Motor Skills?
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GROSS MOTOR SKILLS
• Scales reliable?
• Cross cultural reliability?
• Only good for Western cultures?
• Does environment play a role?
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GROSS MOTOR SKILLS
• Cultures may promote earlier walking by:
• Massaging legs
• Stretching legs
• Motor exercises
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CULTURAL VARIATIONS IN GUIDING INFANTS’ MOTOR DEVELOPMENT• Infants worldwide reach motor milestones within
close age range.• Variations not large• Milestones reached within normal age ranges• Algonquin of Canada
• Cradle boards
• Jamaica• Baby massages and limb stretching
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GROSS MOTOR SKILLS
• Most noticeable change during first 5 years• Scooting• Crawling (6-10 mo.'s)• Walking (12 mo.’s)
• School age• Preform same movements as adults
• Lacking strength & skill• T-Ball• Bowling ramps
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GROSS MOTOR SKILLS
• Middle/late childhood:• Smoother movement
• Better coordination
• Mastered skills, feel pleasure
What Changes Take Place in Body Growth, Brain, and Motor Development?
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FINE MOTOR SKILLS
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FINE MOTOR SKILLS
• Finely tuned (coordinated) movements
• Birth grasp: • Palmar
• End of 1st year• Pincer • Wrists & hands turn &
rotate more• Experience & exercise have
impact
How Do Infants Develop Motor Skills?
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Palmer
Pincer
BLUEBERRY PANCAKE AND PINCER GRASP
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• Age 7• Hands used more as ‘tools,’
• Age 8-10• More independent with hands
• Fine motor skills develop
• Age 10-12 (end of elementary school)• Manipulative skills like adults
FINE MOTOR DEVELOPMENT
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FINE MOTOR SKILLS
• Accidents• Gross motor skills
• Development of mobility• Fine motor skills
• Pick up small objects• May lead to accidents.
• Such as?• What precautions should parents take?
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SEX DIFFERENCES IN MOTOR DEVELOPMENT
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SEX DIFFERENCES IN MOTOR DEVELOPMENT
• Boys better gross motor skills• Speed
• Strength
• At 3 yrs. average boy
• Jumps higher
• Runs faster
• At 3 yrs. average girl
• Better balancing skills
• Gymnastics
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SEX DIFFERENCES IN MOTOR DEVELOPMENT
• Boys more active since birth
• Accelerates brain growth of motor neurons
• Needed for:
• Strength
• Speed
• Boys also conditioned to be active
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SEX DIFFERENCES IN MOTOR DEVELOPMENT
• Girls
• Within 24 hours after birth
• Adults use softer language
• Mothers do more:
• Cuddling
• Emotionally expressive
• Smile
• Talk
• Responsive to needs
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PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN SCHOOL
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PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN SCHOOL
• Preschool
• Most active time period in our lives
• Should be allowed plenty of physical activity
• Should a 3 yr. old be expected to sit still at dinner?
• Elementary
• Physical activity contributes to:
• Overall attention
• Greater cognitive development
• Unstructured play best
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• Middle school
• Decline in physical activity
• Nature:
• Maturation
• Nurture
• Parents activity level
• High school
• Organized sports
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN SCHOOL
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EXERCISE AND SPORTS• Exercise
• Children not exercising enough
• Less P.E. programs/involvement in school
• TV & video games promote sedentary lifestyles
• High-intensity resistance exercise
• Decreases body fat
• Lessens overweight risks
• Increases muscle strength
• Linked to important cognitive activity
• Parental encouragement a must
What Are Central Issues in Children’s Health?
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EXERCISE & SPORTS
• Sports:• Involvement increasing every year• Positive consequences
• Healthy exercise• Opportunities to learn• Raises self-esteem• Good peer relationships
What Are Central Issues in Children’s Health?
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• Problems with kids in organized sports?
EXERCISE & SPORTS
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• Negative consequences• Pressure to win/achieve
• Parents
• Teammates
• Coaches
• Self
• Physical injuries
• Academic work falters
• Too competitive
• Unrealistic expectations for athletic success
EXERCISE & SPORTS
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KIDS & SPORTSHTTP://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=U1_CKOBVACI
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PARENTS’ SPORTS GUIDE FOR CHILDREN
Pros
– Exercise– Opportunities to learn
how to compete– Self-esteem– Setting for developing
peer relations and friendships
Cons
– Pressure to achieve, high stress created
– Physical injuries– Distraction from
academic work– Exploitation – Wrong values taught;
win-at-all-costs
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PHYSICAL DISABILITIES
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AGES 6 - 11
PHYSICAL DISABILITIES
• 1.3 % Physical handicap involving movement
• Vision
• What signs should parents look for?
• Hearing
• May have difficulties with abstract thought, solving math problems, understanding concepts
• Due to how they process language
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PHYSICAL DISABILITIES
• Speech
• Adults should understand
• 50% of what 2 yr. olds say
• 75% of what 3 yr. olds say
• 100% of what 4 yr. olds say
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PHYSICAL DISABILITIES
• Speech
• Problems pronouncing sounds correctly
• Difficulty with pronouncing “s”, “r”
• Stuttering
• Common 2-5 year olds
• Brain is processing faster than they can get the words out
• Usually goes away within a few months
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PHYSICAL DISABILITIES
• Stuttering Cont.
• If persistent:
• Evaluation
• Parents
• Patient
• DO NOT bring it to their attention
• Psychological?
• No
• Stuttering can cause psychological problems
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BOWEL & BLADDER CONTROL
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BOWEL & BLADDER CONTROL
• Toilet training• Nature & nurture• Body ready between 18 – 30 mo.'s.
• Stay dry for at least 2 hrs. a day• Brazelton’s approach
• Shaping• Steps?
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