Child 3.2

Maturation

3.2

PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT

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1

HEIGHTMost obvious feature of physical growth.

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HEIGHT

• Average US newborn• 20” long

• Year 1: Grow 50% • 30” long

• Year 2: 5”

• Until adolescence

• Growth speed slowly decreases

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CEPHALOCAUDAL

• Cap

• Growth starts at the top & moves downward.

• Birth Head • Head 25% body length

• Years 1 & 2

• Torso & limbs begin to catch up

• Adult Head

• Head 1/8th of height

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CHANGES IN PROPORTIONS OF THE HUMAN BODY DURING GROWTH

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GROSS MOTOR SKILLS

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MEASURES OF INFANT DEVELOPMENT

• Gesell: • Distinguish abnormal babies for adoption agencies

• Developmental quotient (DQ):

• Overall developmental score• 4 categories

• Motor

• Language

• Adaptive

• Personal-social

Individual Differences in Infancy Assessed for PredictionsIndividual Differences in Infancy Assessed for Predictions

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MEASURES OF INFANT DEVELOPMENT

• Bayley Scales of Infant Development• Bayley-III

• Age 1-3

• Widely used if problem suspected

• Assesses infant, predicts later behavior

Individual Differences in Infancy Assessed for PredictionsIndividual Differences in Infancy Assessed for Predictions

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BAYLEY KIT

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MILESTONES IN GROSS MOTOR DEVELOPMENT

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CULTURAL VARIATIONS • Reach motor milestones in different cultures

• Based on activity opportunities

• Mothers in developing cultures• Stimulate infants’ motor skills more than mothers

in more advanced cultures. • Why?

How Do Infants Develop Motor Skills?

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GROSS MOTOR SKILLS

• Milestones for large muscle activities• Development of posture

• Learning to walk; locomotion, balance, & practice (crawling to walking)

• Adapting to slopes

• 1st yr. milestones: walks easily

• Development in 2nd yr.• Skilled & mobile: pull toys, climb stairs

• Natural exercise: walk quickly, run stiffly

How Do Infants Develop Motor Skills?

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GROSS MOTOR SKILLS

• Scales reliable?

• Cross cultural reliability?

• Only good for Western cultures?

• Does environment play a role?

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GROSS MOTOR SKILLS

• Cultures may promote earlier walking by:

• Massaging legs

• Stretching legs

• Motor exercises

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CULTURAL VARIATIONS IN GUIDING INFANTS’ MOTOR DEVELOPMENT• Infants worldwide reach motor milestones within

close age range.• Variations not large• Milestones reached within normal age ranges• Algonquin of Canada

• Cradle boards

• Jamaica• Baby massages and limb stretching

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GROSS MOTOR SKILLS

• Most noticeable change during first 5 years• Scooting• Crawling (6-10 mo.'s)• Walking (12 mo.’s)

• School age• Preform same movements as adults

• Lacking strength & skill• T-Ball• Bowling ramps

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GROSS MOTOR SKILLS

• Middle/late childhood:• Smoother movement

• Better coordination

• Mastered skills, feel pleasure

What Changes Take Place in Body Growth, Brain, and Motor Development?

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FINE MOTOR SKILLS

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FINE MOTOR SKILLS

• Finely tuned (coordinated) movements

• Birth grasp: • Palmar

• End of 1st year• Pincer • Wrists & hands turn &

rotate more• Experience & exercise have

impact

How Do Infants Develop Motor Skills?

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Palmer

Pincer

BLUEBERRY PANCAKE AND PINCER GRASP

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21

• Age 7• Hands used more as ‘tools,’

• Age 8-10• More independent with hands

• Fine motor skills develop

• Age 10-12 (end of elementary school)• Manipulative skills like adults

FINE MOTOR DEVELOPMENT

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FINE MOTOR SKILLS

• Accidents• Gross motor skills

• Development of mobility• Fine motor skills

• Pick up small objects• May lead to accidents.

• Such as?• What precautions should parents take?

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SEX DIFFERENCES IN MOTOR DEVELOPMENT

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SEX DIFFERENCES IN MOTOR DEVELOPMENT

• Boys better gross motor skills• Speed

• Strength

• At 3 yrs. average boy

• Jumps higher

• Runs faster

• At 3 yrs. average girl

• Better balancing skills

• Gymnastics

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SEX DIFFERENCES IN MOTOR DEVELOPMENT

• Boys more active since birth

• Accelerates brain growth of motor neurons

• Needed for:

• Strength

• Speed

• Boys also conditioned to be active

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SEX DIFFERENCES IN MOTOR DEVELOPMENT

• Girls

• Within 24 hours after birth

• Adults use softer language

• Mothers do more:

• Cuddling

• Emotionally expressive

• Smile

• Talk

• Responsive to needs

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PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN SCHOOL

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PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN SCHOOL

• Preschool

• Most active time period in our lives

• Should be allowed plenty of physical activity

• Should a 3 yr. old be expected to sit still at dinner?

• Elementary

• Physical activity contributes to:

• Overall attention

• Greater cognitive development

• Unstructured play best

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• Middle school

• Decline in physical activity

• Nature:

• Maturation

• Nurture

• Parents activity level

• High school

• Organized sports

PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN SCHOOL

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EXERCISE AND SPORTS• Exercise

• Children not exercising enough

• Less P.E. programs/involvement in school

• TV & video games promote sedentary lifestyles

• High-intensity resistance exercise

• Decreases body fat

• Lessens overweight risks

• Increases muscle strength

• Linked to important cognitive activity

• Parental encouragement a must

What Are Central Issues in Children’s Health?

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EXERCISE & SPORTS

• Sports:• Involvement increasing every year• Positive consequences

• Healthy exercise• Opportunities to learn• Raises self-esteem• Good peer relationships

What Are Central Issues in Children’s Health?

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• Problems with kids in organized sports?

EXERCISE & SPORTS

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• Negative consequences• Pressure to win/achieve

• Parents

• Teammates

• Coaches

• Self

• Physical injuries

• Academic work falters

• Too competitive

• Unrealistic expectations for athletic success

EXERCISE & SPORTS

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KIDS & SPORTSHTTP://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=U1_CKOBVACI

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PARENTS’ SPORTS GUIDE FOR CHILDREN

Pros

– Exercise– Opportunities to learn

how to compete– Self-esteem– Setting for developing

peer relations and friendships

Cons

– Pressure to achieve, high stress created

– Physical injuries– Distraction from

academic work– Exploitation – Wrong values taught;

win-at-all-costs

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PHYSICAL DISABILITIES

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AGES 6 - 11

PHYSICAL DISABILITIES

• 1.3 % Physical handicap involving movement

• Vision

• What signs should parents look for?

• Hearing

• May have difficulties with abstract thought, solving math problems, understanding concepts

• Due to how they process language

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PHYSICAL DISABILITIES

• Speech

• Adults should understand

• 50% of what 2 yr. olds say

• 75% of what 3 yr. olds say

• 100% of what 4 yr. olds say

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PHYSICAL DISABILITIES

• Speech

• Problems pronouncing sounds correctly

• Difficulty with pronouncing “s”, “r”

• Stuttering

• Common 2-5 year olds

• Brain is processing faster than they can get the words out

• Usually goes away within a few months

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PHYSICAL DISABILITIES

• Stuttering Cont.

• If persistent:

• Evaluation

• Parents

• Patient

• DO NOT bring it to their attention

• Psychological?

• No

• Stuttering can cause psychological problems

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BOWEL & BLADDER CONTROL

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BOWEL & BLADDER CONTROL

• Toilet training• Nature & nurture• Body ready between 18 – 30 mo.'s.

• Stay dry for at least 2 hrs. a day• Brazelton’s approach

• Shaping• Steps?

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