Chelonians (turtles andDiagnosis Treatment Prevention Diarrhoea hibernation! ~ diet, corpus alienum, low temperature, viral / bacterial infections, “dysbacteriosis”, liver- kidney

Chelonians (turtles and Chelonians (turtles and tortoises)tortoises)

Testudo hermanniTestudo hermanni

Testudo graecaTestudo graeca

Testudo horsfieldiiTestudo horsfieldii

Testudo marginataTestudo marginata

Sliders, Sliders, TrachemysTrachemys

Source: Collins

Anatomy

Housing tortoisesHousing tortoises

Housing slidersHousing sliders

Outside pool (escape proof!!)Outside pool (escape proof!!) Aquarium (approx 100 l per adult turtle)Aquarium (approx 100 l per adult turtle) Water quality!Water quality!

Nutrition of tortoisesNutrition of tortoises

Vegetarians!!Vegetarians!! Animal protein?Animal protein? Commercial pellets?Commercial pellets? coprophagycoprophagy

NutritionNutrition calciumcalcium vit Avit A vit D3vit D3 Fat / proteinFat / protein

Nutrition of slidersNutrition of sliders

OmnivorousOmnivorous Turtle pelletsTurtle pellets Dog / cat feedDog / cat feed Adult: at least 50% vegetablesAdult: at least 50% vegetables

NutritionNutrition Ca / P: 2Ca / P: 2 vit Avit A vit D3vit D3 Fat / proteinFat / protein

HibernationHibernation Preparation:Preparation:

– Light cycleLight cycle– temperaturetemperature

Fast (Fast (± 2 weeks)± 2 weeks) Tepid bathsTepid baths Temperature: constant 4 Temperature: constant 4

– 8°C– 8°C Humidity: substrate dryHumidity: substrate dry DarkDark 1 octobre – 1 april1 octobre – 1 april

HibernationHibernation Problems:Problems:

– Gut not emptiedGut not emptied– UnrestUnrest– Too moistToo moist– RodentsRodents– FrostFrost– Too warmToo warm

No hibernationNo hibernation– ReproductionReproduction– Longevity?Longevity?

ReproductionReproduction Mating: in springMating: in spring Eggs: may - julyEggs: may - july gestation: 4-6 weeksgestation: 4-6 weeks 1-2 clutches1-2 clutches 4-8 eggs4-8 eggs 3-4 cm (10 – 20 g)3-4 cm (10 – 20 g)

incubationincubation

Fertilized?Fertilized?– Cf bird eggsCf bird eggs

24 - 32°C, 70 – 100 days24 - 32°C, 70 – 100 days TDSDTDSD vermiculite, au bain marievermiculite, au bain marie

raisingraising

insideinside outsideoutside

HUMIDITY!!HUMIDITY!! NUTRITION!!NUTRITION!! 6 – 15 year6 – 15 year

Sex determinationSex determination

age, cmage, cm plastronplastron tailtail behaviour?behaviour?

female male

manipulationmanipulation

IVIV

– V. jugularisV. jugularis– Dorsal tail vein?Dorsal tail vein?– CardiocentesisCardiocentesis– Dorsal cervical sinusDorsal cervical sinus

Intracoelomic

epicoelomic

– Problems:Problems:

Supportive care

Clinical examinationClinical examination

signalement!signalement! anamnesisanamnesis

– MANAGEMENT!MANAGEMENT!– behaviourbehaviour– appetiteappetite– contact with other chelonianscontact with other chelonians

General impression!General impression!

Clinical examinationClinical examination

– pulse, respiration, pulse, respiration, temperature, lnn?temperature, lnn?

– mucosaemucosae– condition, hydratationcondition, hydratation– Skin / carapax / plastron Skin / carapax / plastron – parasitol faeces (swab?)parasitol faeces (swab?)– RX, haematology, (echo),...RX, haematology, (echo),...

BloodBlood

cytologycytology biochemistrybiochemistry

– AST, bile acidsAST, bile acids– Uric acid?Uric acid?– Ca, P, Na, KCa, P, Na, K– TPTP

HaematologyHaematology

AnesthesiaAnesthesia

Most prevalent diseasesMost prevalent diseases

Cutaneous ulcerationsCutaneous ulcerations

Mild to septicemic Mild to septicemic (SCUD)(SCUD)

Ulcera to perforationsUlcera to perforations Cause: bacterial / Cause: bacterial /

mycoticmycotic Treatment:Treatment:

– debridementdebridement– isobetadine, isobetadine,

flammazine, vulketanflammazine, vulketan– (antibiotics)(antibiotics)

Respiratory disordersRespiratory disorders

LUNG???LUNG??? URTD (~ URTD (~

Mycoplasma, Mycoplasma, Herpes)Herpes) PneumoniaPneumonia

– multifactorialmultifactorial– bacterial / parasiticbacterial / parasitic

HerpesvirosisHerpesvirosis

Most important Most important viral disease in viral disease in TestudoTestudo!!!!

Clinical signsClinical signs DiagnosisDiagnosis TreatmentTreatment PreventionPrevention

URTD (URTD (Mycoplasma agassiziiMycoplasma agassizii))

Most important bacterial disease in Testudo!!

Clinical signs Diagnosis Treatment Prevention

DiarrhoeaDiarrhoea

hibernation!hibernation! ~ diet, corpus alienum, low temperature, ~ diet, corpus alienum, low temperature,

viral / bacterial infections, viral / bacterial infections, “dysbacteriosis”, liver- kidney problems“dysbacteriosis”, liver- kidney problems

Parasitic problems!Parasitic problems!

Parasitic diarrhoeaParasitic diarrhoea

NematodesNematodes– Oxyura /ascaridiaOxyura /ascaridia

(trematodes / cestodes)(trematodes / cestodes) FlagellatesFlagellates

– HexamitaHexamita -> nieren! -> nieren! Ciliates (eg Ciliates (eg BalantidiumBalantidium))

– ““fading” of juvenilesfading” of juveniles– Treatment?Treatment?

(Coccidia)(Coccidia) Amoebiasis?Amoebiasis?

KidneyKidney Joints, visceral, kidney Joints, visceral, kidney

GOUTGOUT herbivores ~ dietary herbivores ~ dietary

proteinprotein dehydrationdehydration allopurinol?allopurinol? Diagnosis?Diagnosis?

MBDMBD

Nutrition / UVNutrition / UV Very high prevalenceVery high prevalence

dystociadystocia Egg deposition site, Egg deposition site,

salpingitis, salpingitis, mbdmbd, , malformed eggs, malformed eggs, debilitation (kidney!), debilitation (kidney!), anatomic deformitiesanatomic deformities

Palpation / RXPalpation / RX Therapy:Therapy:

– Egg deposition siteEgg deposition site– Ca gluconate IPCa gluconate IP– oxytocineoxytocine– surgerysurgery

CoeliotomyCoeliotomy

anesthesia!anesthesia!

CoeliotomyCoeliotomy

CoeliotomyCoeliotomy

Hypovitaminosis AHypovitaminosis A

Hypovitaminosis AHypovitaminosis A

Hypovitaminosis AHypovitaminosis A

Hypervitaminosis AHypervitaminosis A

Trauma T. hermanni

Bite wound!Bite wound!

Trauma / myasis

ticks

fatty liverfatty liver