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2–3 Carbon Compounds
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The Chemistry of Carbon
The Chemistry of Carbon
Carbon atoms have four valence electrons that can join with the electrons from other atoms to form strong covalent bonds.
A carbon atom can bond to other carbon atoms, giving it the ability to form chains that are almost unlimited in length.
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Methane Acetylene Butadiene Benzene Isooctane
Macromolecules
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Macromolecules
Macromolecules
Macromolecules are formed by a process known as polymerization.
The smaller units, or monomers, join together to form polymers.
This polymerization reaction produces water
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Macromolecules
Monomers in a polymer may be identical, or the monomers may be different.
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CarbonCompounds
include
that consist of
which contain elements
that consist of that consist of that consist of
which contain elements which contain elements which contain elements
Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acids Proteins
MonosaccharidesFats and oils Nucleotides Amino Acids
Carbon,hydrogen,
oxygen
Carbon,hydrogen,
oxygen
Carbon,hydrogen,oxygen, nitrogen,
phosphorus
Carbon,hydrogen,oxygen,
nitrogen, sulfur
Macromolecules
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Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, usually in a ratio of 1 : 2 : 1.
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Carbohydrates
Function of Carbohydrates
Living things use carbohydrates as their main source of energy.
Plants and some animals also use carbohydrates for structural purposes.
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Monosaccharides serve as a major fuel for cells and as raw material for building molecules
Carbohydrates
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Carbohydrates
The breakdown of monosaccharides, such as glucose, supplies immediate energy for all cell activities.
Living things combine monosaccharides into complex carbohydrates to store energy.
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Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides or single sugars include:
•glucose
•galactose (a component of milk)
•fructose (found in many fruits)
Disaccharides: Two monosaccharides joined together. Examples are:
•lactose
•sucrose
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Some Sweet Humor
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Glucose
Carbohydrates
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Polysaccharides
Polysaccharides. The large macromolecules formed from monosaccharides
Examples are
• starch
• glycogen
• cellulose
• chitin
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Storage Polysaccharides
Starch, a storage polysaccharide of plants, consists entirely of glucose monomers
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Glycogen is a storage polysaccharide in animals
Humans and other vertebrates store glycogen mainly in liver and muscle cells
Storage Polysaccharides
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Cellulose is a major component of the tough wall of plant cells
Like starch, cellulose (fiber) is a polymer of glucose
Structural Polysaccharides
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Structural Polysaccharides
Chitin is a major component of the tough exoskeletons found in arthropods (insects, spiders, crayfish etc..)
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Lipids
Lipids
Lipids are made mostly from carbon and hydrogen atoms.
Lipids are generally not soluble in water.
The common categories of lipids are:
●fats & oils
●waxes
●steroids
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Lipids
Functions
1. Lipids can be used to store energy.
2. Some lipids are important parts of biological membranes and waterproof coverings.
3. Insulation and protection.
4. Building block for hormones.
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LE 5-11b
Fat molecule (triglyceride)
Lipids
GlycerolGlycerol Fatty Acid ChainFatty Acid Chain
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Fats made from saturated fatty acids are called saturated fats. The fatty acid chain has no double bonds between carbons.
Most animal fats are saturated.
Saturated fats are solid at room temperature.
Saturated Fats
Saturated fat and fatty acid.
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Fats made from unsaturated fatty acids are called unsaturated fats. Unsaturated fats have one or more double bonds in the fatty acid chain.
Plant fats and fish fats are usually unsaturated.
Plant fats and fish fats are liquid at room temperature and are called oils.
Unsaturated Fats
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LE 5-12b
Unsaturated fat and fatty acid.
Oleic acid
cis double bondcauses bending
Unsaturated Fats
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Trans Fats
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Lipids
Before AfterBefore After
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Lipids
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Nucleic Acids
Nucleic Acids
Nucleic acids are polymers assembled from individual monomers known as nucleotides.
Nucleotides consist of three parts:
• a 5-carbon sugar
• a phosphate group
• a nitrogenous base
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Nucleic Acids
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Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary, or genetic, information.
There are two kinds of nucleic acids, ribonucleic acid (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).
Nucleic Acids
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Proteins
Proteins
Proteins are macromolecules that contain nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Proteins are polymers of molecules called amino acids.
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Proteins
Amino acids are compounds with an amino group (-NH2) on one end and a carboxyl group (-COOH) on the other end.
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Proteins
The portion of each amino acid that is different is a side chain called an R-group.
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Proteins
FUNCTIONS
1. Some proteins control the rate of reactions and regulate cell processes. e.g. enzymes
2. Some proteins are used to form bones and muscles. e.g. tendon, ligament, collagen
3. Other proteins transport substances into or out of cells or help to fight disease. e.g. antibodies
4. Some proteins are chemical messengers. e.g. insulin
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Proteins
Proteins can have up to four levels of organization:
1. PRIMARY: Amino acids have a specific protein chain.
2. SECONDARY: The amino acids within a chain can be twisted or folded.
3. TERTIARY: The chain itself is folded.
4. QUARTENARY: If a protein has more than one chain, each chain has a specific arrangement in space.
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Proteins
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Proteins
The instructions for arranging amino acids into many different proteins are stored in DNA.
AminoAcids
Protein Molecule
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NutraSweet
Saccaharin
Sucrolose
Truvia(stevia)
Olestra
Simplesse
Impostors
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