Transcript
Age of ReasonAge of ReasonChapter 15Chapter 15
TopicsScience
Enlightenment
Spiritual Awakenings
Art & Music
Literature
Science Middle Ages
Truth = church and ancient philosophies
Ptolemy – Earth is center of universe (geocentric theory) 140 AD
Renaissance and Reformation encouraged ???’s
Scientific Revolution = Rapid advancement in science achievement and knowledge
Astronomy Copernicus (1473-1543)
SUN in center of Universe (not challenged since140 AD)
Called a heretic
Kepler (1571-1630) Elliptical orbits
Galileo (1564-1642) Physics; thermometer
Telescope
Newton (1642-1727) Law of gravity
Medicine Versalius
Father of anatomy
Paracelcus Use chemicals to treat illnesses
Harvey Study heart and circulation
Jenner Small pox vaccine
Enlightenment Thinkers
John Locke
Baron de Montesquieu
Voltaire
Chemistry Boyle
Gas pressure; Boyle’s Law
Priestly Discovered oxygen
Carbon dioxide = soda drinks
Lavosier Law of conservation of matter
Other Science Leeuwenhoek
Microscope
First time see bacteria and microbes
Mercator Make round Earth on flat map
Intellectual Attitudes Looked to reason to solve all life’s problems
Rationalism = source of truth/knowledge is reason
• Francis Bacon
• Englishman• Experimenta
tion/observation
• All knowledge should be
questioned
• Descartes• Frenchman
• Doubt everything
• Mathematics/logic
• “I think, therefore I
am”
What is REAL?
John Locke“men have natural
unalienable rights”“Government must
have consent of the people”
Influenced US
politics
Montesquieu Freedom = separation of 3 powers
Influenced US
politics
Voltaire Critic of abuses in society
Against religious organization; RCC
freedom of religion
freedom of expression
separation of church and state
Rousseau Favored emotion over
reason
Father of Romanticism Back to Nature
Believed in basic goodness of man
The Social Contract
Government built on general will of people
Deism God = clockmaker
Winds the world now sits back and watches it work
Little use for a personal God
Spiritual AwakeningSpiritual Awakening
Germany Lutheran church = decaying
Philip Spener Spiritual renewal through Bible study and prayer
meetings Started Pietist movement
Piety = religious devotion and spirituality
Francke Train pietist pastors & missionaries Open schools, orphanages, Bible printing shops
Zinzendorf Leaders of Moravians (Bohemia) John Wesley became Christian through them
England John Wesley
Traveled and preached throughout England
Spread spiritual revival throughout country
Improved moral condition of English people
Started Sunday School, increase in Christian literature and music; founded Methodist Church
George Whitefield Anglican preacher
Helped spread Spiritual Awakening to America
America Puritan descendants no religious zeal
1st Great Awakening Travelling preachers; local pastors continue work
Jonathan Edwards Local preacher in Massachusetts
Emphasized need for personal conversion
“Sinners in Hands of Angry God” = warned unrepentant people that only God can save them from hell
Converted thousands of people
Many new churches, schools to train pastors
Art Music and Art Music and LiteratureLiterature
Mannerism
16th century (1500s)
Political & religious tension
Distortion/exaggeration
Unreal & unnatural colors
El Greco
Pg. 397
Baroque 17th century (1600s)
Theatrical, deformed
too ornamental (gaudy)
Grand, dynamic, heroic, active, swirling, sensual
Bernini, Rubens, Rembrandt
Pgs. 398-9
Rembrandt Chiarascuro = contrast of light and dark in
painting
Gold tones and warm browns
Figures are in deep though
Bible messages in art
The Storm on the Sea of
Galilee
Baroque vs. Rococo
• Refined elegance, delicate, French
• In your face, gaudy
Baroque vs. Rococo
• Refined elegance, delicate, French
• In your face, gaudy
Neoclassical Art 18th century (1700s)
Influenced by Rationalism and Enlightenment Orderly, formal, calm, balanced
Imitated classical ideas of Greece & Rome
Music Broke with past traditional music
1. Polyphonic vs. homophonic Many melodies to one main melody
2. More secular music
3. New types of music compositions Opera, ballet, oratorio
4. Instruments more important (orchestra)
5. Voice accompanied by instruments
6. Italians standard music markings
Monteverdi Wrote and popularized operas
Song, text, scenery, dances all combined
Many opera houses built
Handel
German immigrant
Wrote oratorio Composition telling
a sacred story, no drama of operas
“Messiah” Wrote it in 24 days
King George rose to his feet while listening to it
J. S. Bach Born into Lutheran family
Wrote over 200 songs for church Wrote music for organ
Expert at making people feel emotions through his songs Use melody to suggest action or events
“Jesu Joy of Man’s Desiring”
Classical Age in Music
Elaborate elegant but restrained Sonata, concerto, symphony
Piano became popular instrument
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Musical genius child
Play at age 3
Compose at age 5
6 years old on European tour
Helped popularize piano
Wrote over 22 operas Magic Flute
Marriage of Figaro
Wrote over 600 songs
Authors of Enlightenment Era
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