Chapter15

Age of ReasonAge of ReasonChapter 15Chapter 15

TopicsScience

Enlightenment

Spiritual Awakenings

Art & Music

Literature

Science Middle Ages

Truth = church and ancient philosophies

Ptolemy – Earth is center of universe (geocentric theory) 140 AD

Renaissance and Reformation encouraged ???’s

Scientific Revolution = Rapid advancement in science achievement and knowledge

Astronomy Copernicus (1473-1543)

SUN in center of Universe (not challenged since140 AD)

Called a heretic

Kepler (1571-1630) Elliptical orbits

Galileo (1564-1642) Physics; thermometer

Telescope

Newton (1642-1727) Law of gravity

Medicine Versalius

Father of anatomy

Paracelcus Use chemicals to treat illnesses

Harvey Study heart and circulation

Jenner Small pox vaccine

Enlightenment Thinkers

John Locke

Baron de Montesquieu

Voltaire

Chemistry Boyle

Gas pressure; Boyle’s Law

Priestly Discovered oxygen

Carbon dioxide = soda drinks

Lavosier Law of conservation of matter

Other Science Leeuwenhoek

Microscope

First time see bacteria and microbes

Mercator Make round Earth on flat map

Intellectual Attitudes Looked to reason to solve all life’s problems

Rationalism = source of truth/knowledge is reason

• Francis Bacon

• Englishman• Experimenta

tion/observation

• All knowledge should be

questioned

• Descartes• Frenchman

• Doubt everything

• Mathematics/logic

• “I think, therefore I

am”

What is REAL?

John Locke“men have natural

unalienable rights”“Government must

have consent of the people”

Influenced US

politics

Montesquieu Freedom = separation of 3 powers

Influenced US

politics

Voltaire Critic of abuses in society

Against religious organization; RCC

freedom of religion

freedom of expression

separation of church and state

Rousseau Favored emotion over

reason

Father of Romanticism Back to Nature

Believed in basic goodness of man

The Social Contract

Government built on general will of people

Deism God = clockmaker

Winds the world now sits back and watches it work

Little use for a personal God

Spiritual AwakeningSpiritual Awakening

Germany Lutheran church = decaying

Philip Spener Spiritual renewal through Bible study and prayer

meetings Started Pietist movement

Piety = religious devotion and spirituality

Francke Train pietist pastors & missionaries Open schools, orphanages, Bible printing shops

Zinzendorf Leaders of Moravians (Bohemia) John Wesley became Christian through them

England John Wesley

Traveled and preached throughout England

Spread spiritual revival throughout country

Improved moral condition of English people

Started Sunday School, increase in Christian literature and music; founded Methodist Church

George Whitefield Anglican preacher

Helped spread Spiritual Awakening to America

America Puritan descendants no religious zeal

1st Great Awakening Travelling preachers; local pastors continue work

Jonathan Edwards Local preacher in Massachusetts

Emphasized need for personal conversion

“Sinners in Hands of Angry God” = warned unrepentant people that only God can save them from hell

Converted thousands of people

Many new churches, schools to train pastors

Art Music and Art Music and LiteratureLiterature

Mannerism

16th century (1500s)

Political & religious tension

Distortion/exaggeration

Unreal & unnatural colors

El Greco

Pg. 397

Baroque 17th century (1600s)

Theatrical, deformed

too ornamental (gaudy)

Grand, dynamic, heroic, active, swirling, sensual

Bernini, Rubens, Rembrandt

Pgs. 398-9

Rembrandt Chiarascuro = contrast of light and dark in

painting

Gold tones and warm browns

Figures are in deep though

Bible messages in art

The Storm on the Sea of

Galilee

Baroque vs. Rococo

• Refined elegance, delicate, French

• In your face, gaudy

Baroque vs. Rococo

• Refined elegance, delicate, French

• In your face, gaudy

Neoclassical Art 18th century (1700s)

Influenced by Rationalism and Enlightenment Orderly, formal, calm, balanced

Imitated classical ideas of Greece & Rome

Music Broke with past traditional music

1. Polyphonic vs. homophonic Many melodies to one main melody

2. More secular music

3. New types of music compositions Opera, ballet, oratorio

4. Instruments more important (orchestra)

5. Voice accompanied by instruments

6. Italians standard music markings

Monteverdi Wrote and popularized operas

Song, text, scenery, dances all combined

Many opera houses built

Handel

German immigrant

Wrote oratorio Composition telling

a sacred story, no drama of operas

“Messiah” Wrote it in 24 days

King George rose to his feet while listening to it

J. S. Bach Born into Lutheran family

Wrote over 200 songs for church Wrote music for organ

Expert at making people feel emotions through his songs Use melody to suggest action or events

“Jesu Joy of Man’s Desiring”

Classical Age in Music

Elaborate elegant but restrained Sonata, concerto, symphony

Piano became popular instrument

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Musical genius child

Play at age 3

Compose at age 5

6 years old on European tour

Helped popularize piano

Wrote over 22 operas Magic Flute

Marriage of Figaro

Wrote over 600 songs

Authors of Enlightenment Era