Chapter 6 - Memory - Incomplete(1)

Memory

Types of Memory

• Two types of memory use:– ______________: involves conscious effort

– ______________: does NOT involve effort

– These two types of memory describe the ______________

Types of Memory• Two types of memory content:

– _________________: memory for facts and events• ______________= memory for personal events• ______________= memory for facts and the basic

meanings of words and concepts

– _________________: memory for how to do things

– These two types of memory describe the _____________

Your recollection of how to use your clicker is an example of ____________ memory, whereas your recollection of the events from your first day of class this semester is an example of ____________ memory.

A. procedural; semanticB. semantic; proceduralC. procedural; episodicD. episodic; semantic

Remembering how to solve a jigsaw puzzle without any conscious recollection that one can do so best illustrates ________ memory.

A. explicitB. flashbulbC. implicitD. sensory

http://www.androidmeup.com/system/application/resources/img/jigsaw_puzzle.png

Overview of Memory Processes• Encoding

– Initial processing of information that leads to a representation in memory

• Storage– Retention of encoded material over time

• Retrieval– Recovery of stored information at a later time– ___________– ___________

The Information-Processing Model of Memory

• _________________– Represents physical features of sensory stimuli for a

few seconds or less• Iconic memory = visual• Echoic memory = sounds

• _________________– Includes working memory

• Refers to what is going on in short-term memory• Involves active processing of information in short-term

memory– Limited capacity– Lasts only briefly without rehearsal

• _________________– Nearly unlimited capacity

The Information-Processing Model of Memory

What Factors Influence Recall?

• Demonstration 1 – Word List

• Demonstration 2 – Word List

Demonstration 1

List 1 List 2 List 3

What Does Demonstration 1 Tell Us About Memory?

Serial Position Effect

• _________________– Enhanced recall of information

at the beginning of a list– _____________

• _________________– Enhanced recall of information

at the end of a list– _____________________

Demonstration 2

List 1 List 2 List 3

What Does Demonstration 2 Tell Us About Memory?

• The _____________is not evident if there is a delay and/or interference

Demonstration 3

• How many pieces of information can a person remember?

Chunking

What Does Experiment 3 Tell Us About Memory?

• We can hold _______ pieces of information in short-term memory – _______ pieces of information

• But, with ______________, we can hold more pieces of information

• _____________ = reconfiguring items by grouping them on the basis of similarity or some other organizing principle– Combining items into larger patterns

Before and After Chunking…

Before:After:

What Factors Influence Memory?

• Demonstration 4

• On each slide you must follow the directions for the target word– # of upper case letters– Rhyme with ?– Use in a sentence

hello

# Upper Case?

EXAMPLE

tooth

# Upper Case?

trees

Rhyme with Dinner?

desk

Write a sentence using the word.

basket

# Upper Case?

kettle

Write a sentence using the word.

seven

Rhyme with heaven?

nose

# Upper Case?

book

Rhyme with cook?

paper

Write a sentence using the word.

section

Write a sentence using the word.

names

# Upper Case?

example

Rhyme with speaker?

balloon

# Upper Case?

page

Write a sentence using the word.

fan

Rhyme with screen?

key

Rhyme with sea?

goose

# Upper Case?

print

Write a sentence using the word.

football

# Upper Case?

sidewalk

Write a sentence using the word.

carpet

Rhyme with largest?

Recall Target Words

How many did you remember?List 1 List 2 List 3

How many words did you remember from List 1?

A. 0B. 1C. 2D. 3E. 4F. 5G. 6H. 7

How many words did you remember from List 2?

A. 0B. 1C. 2D. 3E. 4F. 5G. 6H. 7

How many words did you remember from List 3?

A. 0B. 1C. 2D. 3E. 4F. 5G. 6H. 7

What Does Demonstration 4 Tell Us About Memory?

Levels-of-Processing Theory

– Shallow processing (visual encoding)

– Deep processing (semantic encoding)

Levels-of-Processing Theory

Why Do We Forget? –Ebbinghaus’s Forgetting Curve

Why Do We Forget? - Interference

Why Do We Forget? - Amnesia

Jerry suffered a brain injury when a steel beam fell on his head. He cannot remember anything that has happened since the accident. Jerry is experiencing ____________ amnesia.

A. retrogradeB. anterogradeC. retroactiveD. proactive

How Does Brain Damage Affect Memory?

• The case of H.M.– Case study of 27-year-old man with epilepsy– Brain surgery removed part of brain, including

his hippocampus• Could not form new memories

– ______________________• Also lost some old memories

– ______________________• Normal intelligence and working memory

H.M.’s Brain Surgery

Studying H.M.’s Brain at UCSD

Biological Aspects of Memory• _________________

– Procedural memory and classically conditioned responses

• _________________– Sensory memories

• ______________________________– Declarative memory (facts, dates, names)– Memories of emotional significance (amygdala)

Study Smarter: What does memory research suggest about how to study effectively?

1. Show What You Know2. Test Prep3. LearningCurve