Memory
Memory
Types of Memory
• Two types of memory use:– ______________: involves conscious effort
– ______________: does NOT involve effort
– These two types of memory describe the ______________
Types of Memory• Two types of memory content:
– _________________: memory for facts and events• ______________= memory for personal events• ______________= memory for facts and the basic
meanings of words and concepts
– _________________: memory for how to do things
– These two types of memory describe the _____________
Your recollection of how to use your clicker is an example of ____________ memory, whereas your recollection of the events from your first day of class this semester is an example of ____________ memory.
A. procedural; semanticB. semantic; proceduralC. procedural; episodicD. episodic; semantic
Remembering how to solve a jigsaw puzzle without any conscious recollection that one can do so best illustrates ________ memory.
A. explicitB. flashbulbC. implicitD. sensory
http://www.androidmeup.com/system/application/resources/img/jigsaw_puzzle.png
Overview of Memory Processes• Encoding
– Initial processing of information that leads to a representation in memory
• Storage– Retention of encoded material over time
• Retrieval– Recovery of stored information at a later time– ___________– ___________
The Information-Processing Model of Memory
• _________________– Represents physical features of sensory stimuli for a
few seconds or less• Iconic memory = visual• Echoic memory = sounds
• _________________– Includes working memory
• Refers to what is going on in short-term memory• Involves active processing of information in short-term
memory– Limited capacity– Lasts only briefly without rehearsal
• _________________– Nearly unlimited capacity
The Information-Processing Model of Memory
What Factors Influence Recall?
• Demonstration 1 – Word List
• Demonstration 2 – Word List
Demonstration 1
List 1 List 2 List 3
What Does Demonstration 1 Tell Us About Memory?
Serial Position Effect
• _________________– Enhanced recall of information
at the beginning of a list– _____________
• _________________– Enhanced recall of information
at the end of a list– _____________________
Demonstration 2
List 1 List 2 List 3
What Does Demonstration 2 Tell Us About Memory?
• The _____________is not evident if there is a delay and/or interference
Demonstration 3
• How many pieces of information can a person remember?
Chunking
What Does Experiment 3 Tell Us About Memory?
• We can hold _______ pieces of information in short-term memory – _______ pieces of information
• But, with ______________, we can hold more pieces of information
• _____________ = reconfiguring items by grouping them on the basis of similarity or some other organizing principle– Combining items into larger patterns
Before and After Chunking…
Before:After:
What Factors Influence Memory?
• Demonstration 4
• On each slide you must follow the directions for the target word– # of upper case letters– Rhyme with ?– Use in a sentence
hello
# Upper Case?
EXAMPLE
tooth
# Upper Case?
trees
Rhyme with Dinner?
desk
Write a sentence using the word.
basket
# Upper Case?
kettle
Write a sentence using the word.
seven
Rhyme with heaven?
nose
# Upper Case?
book
Rhyme with cook?
paper
Write a sentence using the word.
section
Write a sentence using the word.
names
# Upper Case?
example
Rhyme with speaker?
balloon
# Upper Case?
page
Write a sentence using the word.
fan
Rhyme with screen?
key
Rhyme with sea?
goose
# Upper Case?
Write a sentence using the word.
football
# Upper Case?
sidewalk
Write a sentence using the word.
carpet
Rhyme with largest?
Recall Target Words
How many did you remember?List 1 List 2 List 3
How many words did you remember from List 1?
A. 0B. 1C. 2D. 3E. 4F. 5G. 6H. 7
How many words did you remember from List 2?
A. 0B. 1C. 2D. 3E. 4F. 5G. 6H. 7
How many words did you remember from List 3?
A. 0B. 1C. 2D. 3E. 4F. 5G. 6H. 7
What Does Demonstration 4 Tell Us About Memory?
Levels-of-Processing Theory
– Shallow processing (visual encoding)
– Deep processing (semantic encoding)
Levels-of-Processing Theory
Why Do We Forget? –Ebbinghaus’s Forgetting Curve
Why Do We Forget? - Interference
Why Do We Forget? - Amnesia
Jerry suffered a brain injury when a steel beam fell on his head. He cannot remember anything that has happened since the accident. Jerry is experiencing ____________ amnesia.
A. retrogradeB. anterogradeC. retroactiveD. proactive
How Does Brain Damage Affect Memory?
• The case of H.M.– Case study of 27-year-old man with epilepsy– Brain surgery removed part of brain, including
his hippocampus• Could not form new memories
– ______________________• Also lost some old memories
– ______________________• Normal intelligence and working memory
H.M.’s Brain Surgery
Studying H.M.’s Brain at UCSD
Biological Aspects of Memory• _________________
– Procedural memory and classically conditioned responses
• _________________– Sensory memories
• ______________________________– Declarative memory (facts, dates, names)– Memories of emotional significance (amygdala)
Study Smarter: What does memory research suggest about how to study effectively?
1. Show What You Know2. Test Prep3. LearningCurve