Chapter 18 Classification - Science with Mrs. Friedfriedsci.weebly.com/uploads/2/1/7/9/21791640/... · –Kingdom Animalia –Kingdom Plantae –Kingdom Protista –Kingdom Fungi

Chapter 18 Classification

Essential Question: How and why do we organize living organisms into

classification systems?

Objectives:

1. Describe the levels of Linnaean Classification

2. Assign binomial names using the proper format and discuss reasons for use

Why are organisms named and classified?

• Systematics

– the science of reconstructing evolutionary relationships

• Depends, in large part, on taxonomy

– the science of naming and categorizing living organisms

Essential Question: How and why do we organize living organisms into classification systems?

Early Classification

• Carl von Linne

– Developed early classification system

• 2 kingdoms ??

– Used a hierarchy of categories

• As you move UP groupings are broader

• As you move DOWN groupings are more specific

Essential Question: How and why do we organize living organisms into classification systems?

Levels of Linnaean Classification

Essential Question: How and why do we organize living organisms into classification systems?

Umbrella of Each Level

• The broader the classification the more species are included

• Let’s look at an example with just two Kingdoms included

Essential Question: How and why do we organize living organisms into classification systems?

• Kingdom - Animalia

• Phylum - Chordata

• Class - Chondrichthyes

• Order - Lamniforme

• Family - Laminidae

• Genus - Carcharadon

• Species - Carcharadon carchariasEssential Question: How and why do we organize living organisms into classification systems?

Binomial Nomenclature• Bi =

• Nomial =

• Every individual species is given a binomial or Scientific name

– Includes the Genus and specific epithet

Vulpes vulpes Urocyon cinereoargenteus

Essential Question: How and why do we organize living organisms into classification systems?

RULES for Binomials

• Scientific names have rules!

– Genus is always capitalized

– specific epithet is always lower case

– Each part of the name is underline individually

– OR the name is italicized

– Let’s look at some examples!http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/index.html

Essential Question: How and why do we organize living organisms into classification systems?

Scientific VS Common Names

• Puma

• Mountain Lion

• Cougar

• Panther

Puma concolor

Essential Question: How and why do we organize living organisms into classification systems?

Scientific VS Common Names

• Panther (in Africa and Asia), the

leopard (Panthera pardus)

• Panther (in North America), the

cougar (Puma concolor)

• Panther (Central America), the

jaguar (Panthera onca)

Essential Question: How and why do we organize living organisms into classification systems?

Criteria for Classification

• Linnaean?

– Anatomical and developmental similarities

Essential Question: How and why do we organize living organisms into classification systems?

Criteria for Classification

• Modern?

– DNA, histology, molecular genetics, etc.

Essential Question: How and why do we organize living organisms into classification systems?

Objectives:

1. Describe the levels of Linnaean Classification

2. Assign binomial names using the proper format and discuss reasons for use

Let’s see what you learned!

Essential Question: How and why do we organize living organisms into classification systems?

Identify Common NamesCorrect Scientific Names

• The salt-water tomcod, MICROgadus tomcod, can travel into freshwater.

Identify Common NamesCorrect Scientific Names

• Red-Eyed Tree Frog, agalychnis Callidryas, lives in tropical rainforests.

Identify Common NamesCorrect Scientific Names

• The green-wing macaw, Ara Chloroptera, is a common pet.

Identify Common NamesCorrect Scientific Names

• Teddy-bear cactus, opuntia Bigelovii, really hurt when they jump on you.

Classification

Similar classes are all part of a single _____.

A. kingdom C. order

B. phylum D. family

Vulpes versicolor and Vulpes concolor are both members of the same ____.

A. kingdom C. order

B. genus D. all of the above

Essential Question: How and why do we organize living organisms into classification systems?

Quick Review – Get a Piece of Paper

• On your notes

– Write the seven levels of the Linnaean classification system in order from the broadest to most specific

• Which of the following is the scientific name? Cougar or Puma concolor

Essential Question: How and why do we organize living organisms into classification systems?

Chapter 18 Classification

Essential Question: How and why do we organize living organisms into

classification systems?

Objectives:

1. Describe the characteristics used to identify the three-domains

2. Explain which characteristics are used to identify the six kingdoms of life

Essential Question: How and why do we organize living organisms into classification systems?

Kingdoms

• Carl von Linne – Linnaean Classification– 2 Kingdoms?

• Modern systematics recognizes 6 kingdoms– Eubacteria

– Archaebacteria

– Protista

– Fungi

– Plantae

– Animalia

Essential Question: How and why do we organize living organisms into classification systems?

Domains• Recent changes to our view of classification

– Analysis of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) in ribosomes has provided evidence for a taxonomic grouping called a DOMAIN

• Domains

– are a broader grouping than the kingdom

Three Domain System

• Domain Bacteria– Kingdom Eubacteria

• Domain Archaea– Kingdom Archaeabacteria

• Domain Eukarya– Kingdom Animalia

– Kingdom Plantae

– Kingdom Protista

– Kingdom Fungi

Prokaryotes – Cells without a nucleus

Eukaryotes – Cells with a nucleus

Three Domain Hierarchy

• Domain– Kingdom

• Phylum– Class

» Order

• Family

• Genus

• Species

the 3 domain system uses the Linnaean system of classification

Survey of the Kingdoms

• Get a book!

• Get a partner!

• Get a blank chart Classification of Living Things!

• Fill in the chart from your book.

Classification of Living ThingsDOMAIN Bacteria Archaea Eukarya

KINGDOM Eubacteria Archaebacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia

CELL TYPE

CELL STRUCTURES

NUMBER OF CELLS

MODE OF NUTRITION

EXAMPLES

Classification of Living ThingsDOMAIN Bacteria Archaea Eukarya

KINGDOM Eubacteria Archaebacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia

CELL TYPE Prokaryote Prokaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote

CELL STRUCTURES

Cell walls with peptidoglycan

Cell walls without peptidoglycan

Cell walls of cellulose in some; some have chloroplasts

Cell walls of chitin

Cell walls of cellulose; chloroplasts

No cell walls or chloroplasts

NUMBER OF CELLS

Unicellular Unicellular

Most unicellular; some colonial; some multicellular

Most multicellular; some unicellular

Multicellular Multicellular

MODE OF NUTRITION

Autotroph or heterotroph

Autotroph or heterotroph

Autotroph or heterotroph

Heterotroph Autotroph Heterotroph

EXAMPLESStreptococcus, Escherichia coli

Methanogens, halophiles

Amoeba, Paramecium, slime molds, giant kelp

Mushrooms, yeasts

Mosses, ferns, flowering plants

Sponges, worms, insects, fishes, mammals

Chapter 18 Classification

Essential Question: How and why do we organize living organisms into

classification systems?

Objectives:

1. Demonstrate use of a dichotomous key to identify unknown specimens

2. Recognize key morphological features that can be used to organize specimens for identification

Essential Question: How and why do we organize living organisms into classification systems?

Dichotomous Key

In Biology

• a key for the identification of organisms based on a series of choices between alternative characters– They rely on a series of choices called couplets

• Couplets are a series of choices based on characteristics of the organism– Following a path through the couplets will lead to

an identification of the organism or object

Using a Dichotomous Key

1a. Bean round Garbanzo bean1b. Bean elliptical or oblong Go to 2

2a. Bean white White northern2b. Bean has dark pigments Go to 3

3a. Bean evenly pigmented Go to 43b. Bean pigmentation mottled Pinto bean

4a. Bean black Black bean4b. Bean reddish-brown Kidney bean

Start with Couplet 1

Rules for Using Dichotomous Keys:

When you follow a dichotomous key, your task becomes simpler if you adhere to a few simple rules of thumb:

1. Read both choices in a couplet carefully.

2. When reading a couplet, make sure you understand all of the terms used.

3. Keep notes telling what sequence of identification steps you took. This is

known as a “key pathway”

4. If you are unsure of which choice to make in a couplet, follow both forks (one

at a time) and then decide which one makes sense.

5. When you have keyed out an organism, do not take your effort as the final

result. Double check your identification.

6. When a measurement is indicated, make sure that you take the

measurement using a calibrated scale. Do not “eyeball” it or take a guess.