Chapter 18 Classification Essential Question: How and why do we organize living organisms into classification systems?
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Chapter 18 Classification
Essential Question: How and why do we organize living organisms into
classification systems?
Objectives:
1. Describe the levels of Linnaean Classification
2. Assign binomial names using the proper format and discuss reasons for use
Why are organisms named and classified?
• Systematics
– the science of reconstructing evolutionary relationships
• Depends, in large part, on taxonomy
– the science of naming and categorizing living organisms
Essential Question: How and why do we organize living organisms into classification systems?
Early Classification
• Carl von Linne
– Developed early classification system
• 2 kingdoms ??
– Used a hierarchy of categories
• As you move UP groupings are broader
• As you move DOWN groupings are more specific
Essential Question: How and why do we organize living organisms into classification systems?
Levels of Linnaean Classification
Essential Question: How and why do we organize living organisms into classification systems?
Umbrella of Each Level
• The broader the classification the more species are included
• Let’s look at an example with just two Kingdoms included
Essential Question: How and why do we organize living organisms into classification systems?
• Kingdom - Animalia
• Phylum - Chordata
• Class - Chondrichthyes
• Order - Lamniforme
• Family - Laminidae
• Genus - Carcharadon
• Species - Carcharadon carchariasEssential Question: How and why do we organize living organisms into classification systems?
Binomial Nomenclature• Bi =
• Nomial =
• Every individual species is given a binomial or Scientific name
– Includes the Genus and specific epithet
Vulpes vulpes Urocyon cinereoargenteus
Essential Question: How and why do we organize living organisms into classification systems?
RULES for Binomials
• Scientific names have rules!
– Genus is always capitalized
– specific epithet is always lower case
– Each part of the name is underline individually
– OR the name is italicized
– Let’s look at some examples!http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/index.html
Essential Question: How and why do we organize living organisms into classification systems?
Scientific VS Common Names
• Puma
• Mountain Lion
• Cougar
• Panther
Puma concolor
Essential Question: How and why do we organize living organisms into classification systems?
Scientific VS Common Names
• Panther (in Africa and Asia), the
leopard (Panthera pardus)
• Panther (in North America), the
cougar (Puma concolor)
• Panther (Central America), the
jaguar (Panthera onca)
Essential Question: How and why do we organize living organisms into classification systems?
Criteria for Classification
• Linnaean?
– Anatomical and developmental similarities
Essential Question: How and why do we organize living organisms into classification systems?
Criteria for Classification
• Modern?
– DNA, histology, molecular genetics, etc.
Essential Question: How and why do we organize living organisms into classification systems?
Objectives:
1. Describe the levels of Linnaean Classification
2. Assign binomial names using the proper format and discuss reasons for use
Let’s see what you learned!
Essential Question: How and why do we organize living organisms into classification systems?
Identify Common NamesCorrect Scientific Names
• The salt-water tomcod, MICROgadus tomcod, can travel into freshwater.
Identify Common NamesCorrect Scientific Names
• Red-Eyed Tree Frog, agalychnis Callidryas, lives in tropical rainforests.
Identify Common NamesCorrect Scientific Names
• The green-wing macaw, Ara Chloroptera, is a common pet.
Identify Common NamesCorrect Scientific Names
• Teddy-bear cactus, opuntia Bigelovii, really hurt when they jump on you.
Classification
Similar classes are all part of a single _____.
A. kingdom C. order
B. phylum D. family
Vulpes versicolor and Vulpes concolor are both members of the same ____.
A. kingdom C. order
B. genus D. all of the above
Essential Question: How and why do we organize living organisms into classification systems?
Quick Review – Get a Piece of Paper
• On your notes
– Write the seven levels of the Linnaean classification system in order from the broadest to most specific
• Which of the following is the scientific name? Cougar or Puma concolor
Essential Question: How and why do we organize living organisms into classification systems?
Chapter 18 Classification
Essential Question: How and why do we organize living organisms into
classification systems?
Objectives:
1. Describe the characteristics used to identify the three-domains
2. Explain which characteristics are used to identify the six kingdoms of life
Essential Question: How and why do we organize living organisms into classification systems?
Kingdoms
• Carl von Linne – Linnaean Classification– 2 Kingdoms?
• Modern systematics recognizes 6 kingdoms– Eubacteria
– Archaebacteria
– Protista
– Fungi
– Plantae
– Animalia
Essential Question: How and why do we organize living organisms into classification systems?
Domains• Recent changes to our view of classification
– Analysis of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) in ribosomes has provided evidence for a taxonomic grouping called a DOMAIN
• Domains
– are a broader grouping than the kingdom
Three Domain System
• Domain Bacteria– Kingdom Eubacteria
• Domain Archaea– Kingdom Archaeabacteria
• Domain Eukarya– Kingdom Animalia
– Kingdom Plantae
– Kingdom Protista
– Kingdom Fungi
Prokaryotes – Cells without a nucleus
Eukaryotes – Cells with a nucleus
Three Domain Hierarchy
• Domain– Kingdom
• Phylum– Class
» Order
• Family
• Genus
• Species
the 3 domain system uses the Linnaean system of classification
Survey of the Kingdoms
• Get a book!
• Get a partner!
• Get a blank chart Classification of Living Things!
• Fill in the chart from your book.
Classification of Living ThingsDOMAIN Bacteria Archaea Eukarya
KINGDOM Eubacteria Archaebacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia
CELL TYPE
CELL STRUCTURES
NUMBER OF CELLS
MODE OF NUTRITION
EXAMPLES
Classification of Living ThingsDOMAIN Bacteria Archaea Eukarya
KINGDOM Eubacteria Archaebacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia
CELL TYPE Prokaryote Prokaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote
CELL STRUCTURES
Cell walls with peptidoglycan
Cell walls without peptidoglycan
Cell walls of cellulose in some; some have chloroplasts
Cell walls of chitin
Cell walls of cellulose; chloroplasts
No cell walls or chloroplasts
NUMBER OF CELLS
Unicellular Unicellular
Most unicellular; some colonial; some multicellular
Most multicellular; some unicellular
Multicellular Multicellular
MODE OF NUTRITION
Autotroph or heterotroph
Autotroph or heterotroph
Autotroph or heterotroph
Heterotroph Autotroph Heterotroph
EXAMPLESStreptococcus, Escherichia coli
Methanogens, halophiles
Amoeba, Paramecium, slime molds, giant kelp
Mushrooms, yeasts
Mosses, ferns, flowering plants
Sponges, worms, insects, fishes, mammals
Chapter 18 Classification
Essential Question: How and why do we organize living organisms into
classification systems?
Objectives:
1. Demonstrate use of a dichotomous key to identify unknown specimens
2. Recognize key morphological features that can be used to organize specimens for identification
Essential Question: How and why do we organize living organisms into classification systems?
Dichotomous Key
In Biology
• a key for the identification of organisms based on a series of choices between alternative characters– They rely on a series of choices called couplets
• Couplets are a series of choices based on characteristics of the organism– Following a path through the couplets will lead to
an identification of the organism or object
Using a Dichotomous Key
1a. Bean round Garbanzo bean1b. Bean elliptical or oblong Go to 2
2a. Bean white White northern2b. Bean has dark pigments Go to 3
3a. Bean evenly pigmented Go to 43b. Bean pigmentation mottled Pinto bean
4a. Bean black Black bean4b. Bean reddish-brown Kidney bean
Start with Couplet 1
Rules for Using Dichotomous Keys:
When you follow a dichotomous key, your task becomes simpler if you adhere to a few simple rules of thumb:
1. Read both choices in a couplet carefully.
2. When reading a couplet, make sure you understand all of the terms used.
3. Keep notes telling what sequence of identification steps you took. This is
known as a “key pathway”
4. If you are unsure of which choice to make in a couplet, follow both forks (one
at a time) and then decide which one makes sense.
5. When you have keyed out an organism, do not take your effort as the final
result. Double check your identification.
6. When a measurement is indicated, make sure that you take the
measurement using a calibrated scale. Do not “eyeball” it or take a guess.
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