Transcript
Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy
• Study of descriptive & functional morphology
a. Morphology (Gross Anatomy, Cytology, Histology, Embryology)
b. Physiology – living functions
c. Taxonomy – systematic classification
d. Ecology – relationship of animals & environment
e. Paleontology - fossils/ remains
f. Genetics – heredity & variation
g. Evolution – origin, history & changes through time
Chordates vs. craniates & vertebrates
Chordates – with notochord
– Craniates: chordates w/ neurocranium
– Vertebrates: chordates w/ vertebrae
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Subphylum Urochordata
Subphylum Cephalochordata
Subphylum Craniata
(1) Hagfish – w/o vertebrae
(2) Vertebrates
Class Myxini
e.g. hagfishes
• CRANIATES
– Cranium
– 3-part brain
– Neural crest & derivatives
– Paired external sense organs
– cartilage
• VERTEBRATES
– Vertebral column
– 2 semicircular canals
– Electroreception
– Lateral line canal
– Soft tissue specialization
General body plan
• Head, Trunk and Tail
• Bilateral symmetry
• Metamerism
– Homonomous
– Heteronomous
• INTERNAL HETERONOMOUS
Phylum Chordata (THE BIG “4”)
1. Notochord & Vertebral Column
A. Fishes
- Persists the length of the trunk & tail
B. Modern reptiles (birds) mammals
- obliterated
- vestige in mammals (PULPY NUCLEUS)
- no vestige in modern reptiles
Notochord: rod of living cells ventral to the CNS
& dorsal to the alimentary canal
• Lampreys
– Notochord grows w/ notochord sheath
– Paired lateral neural cartilages
2. Pharynx• Fish gills
• Tetrapod lungs and middle ear cavity
• Jaw skeleton and musculature
• Endocrine glands
• Initial cells of human fetus immune system
1. Pharyngeal/ gill pouches slits
2. Pharyngeal arches
- Mandibular arch
- Hyoid arch• Support
• Striated muscles operating the arch
• Cranial nerves for muscle innervation
• Aortic arch
3. Dorsal Hollow CNS
• Neural tube Brain & Spinal cord
• Peripheral NS nerves, ganglia & plexi
4. Postanal tail
• Other Characteristics1. Integument – dermis + epidermis2. Respiratory Mechanism3. Coelom
– Pericardial cavity: heart– Pleural cavity: lungs– Peritoneal cavity: viscera– Scrotal cavities: testes
4. Digestive system – cloaca; anus5. Urogenital organs6. Circulatory system7. Skeleton – axial & appendicular8. Muscles – skeletal, smooth, & cardiac9. Sense organs
a) Exteroreceptorsb) Visceral receptors
top related