Transcript
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INFORMATION
SYSTEMS WITHINORGANISATIONSSuraj Juddoo
s.juddoo@mdx.ac.mu
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What well cover today:
1. Ourselvesvery important
2. Nitty gritty details of the module
3. First topic:
1. intro to information systems
2. Systems theory
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Ourselves
Academic/consultant
Specialist in Business information
Systems..attracted to the world of robotics
As you are IT based students, why do you
think this module could be of interest, both
professionally or personally??
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Details of modules
3 hours contact/weeklecture and
seminar(activities + discussions)
Assessment: 30% coursework+70% written
unseen exam
Reading lists: as per module handbook
I expect you to read and learn upon topics
discussed. Failure of which increases yourpotential for failure.
Any queries?
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Introduction
Additional reference:
Rethinking Information Systems in Organisations,
Jean Paul Kowalek
Business Information Management, Dava Chaffyand Steve Wood
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Information Systems as a
discipline
The main aims of todays session:
Set the context(always debatable) of Information
Systems
Understand the principal vectors which led toemergence of IS
Understand some of the failures of IS, and their
impact
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Basic definitions
What is information? How is it different from
data?
Data is commonly believed to be a simple record
of events, activities and observations Information is purposely constructed via human
interpretation of the data
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History
Industrial revolution sharpened differencebetween those engaged in data processingactivities and those engaged in execution of
tasks, based on information(Braverman,1974)Arrival of computer marked the automation of
data processing activities, related mostly withaccounting activities then gradually expanding
to other business functionsApplication of technology in
organisations!!thus, interdisciplinary in nature
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History
Borrowed some ideas from systems theory of
management
Systems theory: thinking of organisations and
their underpinning activities as whole, and not inisolation
Assumption of IS as computer based!!
OBrien(1999):IS is an organised combinationof people,hardware, software,communication
networks and data resources that collects,
transforms and disseminated information in an
organisation.
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10
Input of
data
resources
Processing
data into
information
Output of
information
products
Storage of data
resources
Control of system
performance
Network Resources
Communications media and Networksupport
(OBrien, 2004, page 11)The Components of an IS
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Current situation
Major advances in terms of
technology(processing power, storage
capacity, software complexity). Could be
disruptive or adaptative New applications/concepts(cloud
computing,Big Data,BYOD) which need to be
put into the context of organisational problem
solving
Important organisational change driver!!
Business Process Re-engineering often
improperly used
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Competitive advantage and IS
CA made popular by Michael Porters 5 forcesmodel
With globalisation, the onus to become
competitive is becoming stronger Need for alignment between business strategy
and IT strategy
IT/IS decision makers are now often part of top
management Examples of IT/IS helping CA: SABRE, Dell,
Amazon)
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Failures
Project Management issues(budget and
schedule overrun, lack of personnel)
Inadequacy of IT solution for users
IT solution not showing any clear proof of
benefits greater than costs
IT solution not moving higher than the
operational support according to Mc Farland;thus representing cost centres.
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Failures
OASIG report(1995)
Covered 14000 organisations in UK
20-30% success rates for IT projects
CHAOS report(1995): 31% IT projects cancelled
52.7% cost 189% that expected
Robbins-Gioia LLC(2001):
51% viewed ERP as unsuccessful
46% felt their organisations didnt know how tomaster ERP
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Reasons for failures
Loose statements such as:
Commitment of senior management
Improper end users involvement
Wrong project management
Not properly conceived risk management
Inadequate training of end users
Improper contingency planning There is a current lack of in-depth precise
explanations why all of the above do occur!
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Systems theory(1)
System :- different components working in
synergy towards common goal
State 3 examples of systems??
Systems theory:-
Modular approach
Holistic view
Environments effects
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Systems theory(2)
Inputs:- raw materials of system
Process:- transformation/activity
Outputs:- end product/output/result
Think about those 3 components in systems
you thought of before??
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Systems theory(3)
Boundary:-specifies limit/range/scope of
system
Open systems:-interacts with environment
Closed systems:-no interaction
Feedback: result being used to affect next
input for better system control
Filtering: removing information to order to beconcise
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Types of information
Types of Information:
Strategic
Tactical
Operational
Characteristics: Accurate, complete, Cost
benefit, user centred, relevant, authoritative,
timely, easy to use
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Types of IS
4 levels: Strategic, management, knowledge,
Operational
ESS: target strategic; concise; both internal
and external inputs
DSS: target management; more detailed;
analyse large volumes of data
KWS : systems for specialized services OAS : for office use
TPS : routine tasks
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Information Sources(1)
Internal information:
Collecting data
Communication
manage information effectively
Sources: document study, company literature,
etc.
Give 1 example of some internal data sourcewithin your organisation?
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Information Sources(2)
External information:- may be informal;
involves analysis & survey of environment
Data sources : environment
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SDLC
systematic approach to building software toensure better probability of success
Predictive or adaptative approaches
consists of several phases,whose nature are as
follows:
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Systems analysis
Investigation of system
Extensive involvement of users
Inputs, processes and outputs need to be
determined
Problems, improvements to be elicited
Requirements specifications produced
Generate and evaluate alternatives
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System Design
Come up with a solution based on analysis
stage
Technical specifications of input,outputs,
storage and processes Logical design is the business intelligence,thus
independent of technology
Physical design refers to the technology toimplement the new system : Database, UI,
system interfaces
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System construction
Known as software development phase
System is built, tested and documented
Extensive user involvement
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System implementation
Go live
Train users, transfer old data and changeover
method
Final evaluation
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Maintenance and Review
Must make system running
Perfective, adaptative and corrective
System becomes outdated and cycle restarts
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Waterfall model
SDLC is linear, waterfall model is iterative
Can go back and make changes to precedent
stages
Other models : Object Oriented approach,extreme programming, Scrum
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SDLC ADVANTAGES
Project management by break down of tasks
Good documentation
Used tried and tested(sure) techniques
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SDLC problems
inflexible,: could not adapt to time constraints
Narrow focus: not suitable for more business
intelligent solutions
Old fashioned: much meetings and paperwork
Time and cost overruns : mostly due to poor
management
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