Transcript
Chapter 18Revolutions of
Industrialization c. 1750-1914
“There are few greater revolutions in human experience than the movement from the seasonal or ‘temporary’ hour to the equal hour. Here was man’s declaration of independence from the sun, new proof of his mastery over himself and his surroundings. Only later would it be revealed that he had accomplished this mastery by putting himself under the dominion of a machine with imperious demands all its own.”
-Historian Daniel Boorstin
Two “Revolutions”c. 1750-1850 c. 1870-1914
TextilesSteam engineIronRailroadsGlassmakingChemicals
ElectricityCombustion Steel (Bessemer)
TelephoneFilmChemicals
Why Europe?1. Competition between states
(fragmentation good?)
2. Innovations rewarded (patents)ruler/merchant alliance
Why Great Britain?
Possessed key factors of production
Transportation and markets
Resources
Stable Government and banks
Labor Force
Capitalisman economic and political system in
which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit,
rather than by the state
The Textile Industry
Wool or Cotton
CardingSpinning
Weaving
***Cottage Industry couldn’t keep up with demand
The First Factories
~1765 the Spinning Jenny and the Water Frame
output and location dependent on power source
1787 - Edmund Cartwright’sPower Loom
Looms in the UK1803 = 2,400 1857 = 250,000
English cotton imports to be spun (pounds)1760=2,500,0001787=22,000,000
1840=366,000,000
Energy Sources: Plants, Animals, and Humans
a new source of power!
Coal
James Watt1769: 1st Efficient
Steam Engine
Effects of the steam engine?
The Iron Industry
------------------------------------
1780s Henry Cort’s
Puddling Furnace
English Iron Production
1740 = 17,000 tons
1788 = 68,000 tons
1844 = 3,000,000 tons
1830 George Stephenson’s LocomotiveEffects of the railroad?
“Workshop of the World”1860 England produced 20% of the world’s industrial goods
British
Queen Victoria
(1819-1901)r. 1837-1901
Victorian Era
Industrialization spread to continental Europe and beyond with
government support (direct and indirect)
Transformation of Society
Total British Population
17809,000,000
1851 20,000,000+
Manchester, England (Cotton Industry)20,000 residents in 1750
400,000 residents in 1850
Changing Working and Living Conditions
Declining influence
of the landed
Aristocracy
Middle Class Bourgeoisie
The Industrial Laboring Classes
Working Conditions Shift Work, More Discipline, Less Freedom, Hot, Dirty,
Dangerous, Long Hours, Low Pay
Luddites Smashed Machines they felt were putting them out of work
Congested, Dirty, Unhealthy citiesNo parks or yards, open sewers, trash, inadequate
disposal of waste (dunghills)
Cities of 100,000 or More
Gustave Doré
Diseases Spread Quickly
More people die prematurely in a
city than the countryside
Constant flow of newcomers kept populations high
In industrial England life expectancy never averaged over 30 years old
Worker Unions (collective bargaining)better pay, conditions, and the vote
British avoided massive revolution though slow reform
Socialism• Free market capitalists is destructive• Cooperation and community• More govt regulation of the
economy•Income redistribution
–rich and poor more equal
Social Reformer and Industrialist Robert Owen
(1771-1858)
1820s New Harmony, IN
1848 Communist Manifesto Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
• Eliminate Classes–Bourgeoisie (middle class oppressors)–Proletariat (exploited working class)
• Abuse of the worker = historic inevitability of Violent Revolution
• Govt control of industry
Marxist Socialism(Communism)
Anti-Capitalist Propaganda
1911
Why did Marxism fail to gain widespread support
Comparing the Spread of Industrialism
USARussiaLatin America
Successes
Why
Failures
Why
Industrialism in the USA
Huge corporations and innovation = Mass industrialization
Class conflict, but no large socialist movement (why not?)
Russian Empire 1800sNo parliamentNo political partiesHarsh serfdom (until 1861)Favored landed nobility
After embarrassing Crimean War Russian govt promoted industry
New industrial-classes became politically frustrated and radical
1905 Russian Revolution (Bloody Sunday)
led to some reforms
Duma (parliament)
formed, but twice dissolved
by Tsar Nicholas II
Future troubles…
Post Independence Latin America
Many Problems
Economic declineSlow to industrialize
Rise of caudillos
(military strongmen)
and political
instabilityAntonio Lopez de Santa Anna of Mexico
Internal and External Wars
1910-1920 Mexican Revolutionuniversal suffrage and land redistribution
Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata
Increased raw
material exports
improved many
nationsMany Europeans immigrated chasing a “better life”
Rapid Urbanization
Racial Inequality
Why race in Brazil is a confusing, loaded topic.wmv
Is Industrialism good for workers? For society?
Is industrialization is the biggest thing since the Neolithic Revolution?
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