UNIT 6 NOTES NATIONALISM AND INDUSTRIALIZATION
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UNIT 6 NOTESNATIONALISM
AND
INDUSTRIALIZATION
To every great State determined to survive
the storm there still remain many chances of salvation,
and a strong union between the States
on the principles we have announced will overcome
the storm itself. —Metternich, 1820
THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA
1814-1815
Purpose and Leading Members
Reconstruct war-torn EuropeArchitectsPrince Metternich (Austria)Viscount Castlereagh (Britain)Tsar Alexander I (Russia)King Frederick William III
(Prussia)Prince Talleyrand (France)
Major ProblemsWho should rule France?Britain favored NapoleonAustria favored Marie-LouiseTalleyrand suggested Louis XVIII
Place of France in EuropeBalance of power & securitySaxony and PolandPrussia got 60% of
SaxonyKingdom of Warsaw
created
Major Settlements
Principle of LegitimacyRestored legitimate rulers deposed
by Revolution or NapoleonPrinciple of CompensationWinning nations traded landRewarded nations important to
Napoleon’s defeat with territory
Major SettlementsDenial of DemocracyDenied people any voice in selecting their
rulers/governmentsBritain most constitutional state
But had no written constitutionConstitutions in: Finland, France,
Netherlands, Norway, Poland & SwedenDenial of NationalismGroups denied independenceGroups denied unityAssociated with revolutionOpposed to dynastic rights and the
Habsburgs
Age of Metternich
ReactionaryUsed censorship and secret
police In Austrian Empire In Austrian-dominated regions of
Germany and Italy
Quadruple Allianceor Concert of Europe
Metternich organized it with:AustriaPrussiaRussiaBritainFrance joined in 1818Britain left in 1820
PurposesEnforce Vienna settlementsSuppress revolutions
Holy Alliance
Tsar Alexander I organized it with most European monarchs
Well-meaning but ineffectiveDormant Holy Alliance often
confused with active Quadruple Alliance
LIBERALISM AND NATIONALISM
Revolts Against the Metternich
System
Motivation
Reformers opposed autocracyDemanded:Democracy (liberalism)Independence (nationalism)
People resorted to revolutions when deprived of lawful means to attain goals
Revolutions of 1820-1821SpainMade Ferdinand VII approve limited
monarchyQuadruple Alliance-backed French
army ended the revoltItalyTwo Sicilies and Piedmont sought
constitutional governmentQuadruple Alliance-backed Austrian
armies suppressed these revolts
Latin American Revolutions(1800-1823)
Spain fighting Napoleon Their colonies revolted and created democratic
governmentsEuropean nations wanted to reconquerBritain traded with independent nationsUS—Monroe DoctrineFirst breach of Metternich System
Greek Revolution (1821-1829)
Greece fought for independence from TurkeyBritain, France, and Russia
supported Greece to weaken Muslim Turks1829-Greece won freedom
Lord Byron
Russian Decembrist Revolt
Alexander I to throne in 1801Attempted enlightened ideasBecame reactionary
At his death in 1825, fight for throneConstantine (lib) lostNicholas (cons) won
Nicholas won
Revolutions of 1830-1832
France1824-moderate Louis XVIII diedCharles X (brother) nextReactionary
1830-French drove out CharlesLouis Philippe nextConstitutional government
Revolutions of 1830-1832
BelgiumBritain & France
supported nationalists 1839-won independence from the
Netherlands and neutralityItaly—Austria suppressed revolt Poland—Russia suppressed revolt
Revolutions of 1848
FranceLouis Philippe unpopular
Rioting Paris mobs made him flee France
2nd French Republic declaredLouis Napoleon, nephew of
Napoleon Bonaparte, elected president
Revolutions of 1848
Austrian EmpireInspired by French Austrians demanded democracyNationalities claimed independenceCzechsItaliansHungarians
Metternich fled AustriaRevolutionary groups quarreled
among themselvesEasy for reactionaries to conquer them
Italy—suppressed except Sardinia-Piedmont
Germany—suppressed except PrussiaSignificance
End of Metternich system France—republic and universal male suffragePiedmont—liberal constitution
Many Europeans fled to US
Revolutions of 1848
ROMANTICISM
Dominated early 19th centuryRevolt against classicismNaturePassionGlories of pastNationalism
INDUSTRIALIZATION
Roots
Commercial RevolutionDomestic system 18th century British
industrial growthThe Enclosure
Movement
Factory Production
Concentrated production in oneplace [materials, labor]Located near sources of power
[rather than labor or markets]Required much capital
investment [factory, machines, etc.]More than skilled labor
Coalfields & Industrial
Areas Canals
British Pig Iron Production
FACETS
Economic FacetsFactory systemFactory replaced home as center
of production12-14 hour work days
Mass productionDivision of labor--one worker
performs only one operationStandardization--
interchangeable partsAssembly line--product moves
from one worker to next
Economic Facets
Mass production (cont’d.)Advantages
Efficient use of workers and machinesEconomical use of raw materialsSpeedy output of more goods at lower cost
DisadvantagesWorkers perform monotonous, repetitious
tasksCreativity is stifledSimilar products push society into uniformity
Factory Wages in Lancashire, 1830
Age of Worker Male Wages Female Wagesunder 11 2s 3d. 2s. 4d.11 - 16 4s. 1d. 4s. 3d.17 - 21 10s. 2d. 7s. 3d.22 - 26 17s. 2d. 8s. 5d.27 - 31 20s. 4d. 8s. 7d.32 - 36 22s. 8d. 8s. 9d.37 - 41 21s. 7d. 9s. 8d.42 - 46 20s. 3d. 9s. 3d.47 - 51 16s. 7d. 8s. 10d.52 - 56 16s. 4d. 8s. 4d.57 - 61 13s. 6d. 6s. 4d.
Economic FacetsModern capitalismLed by entrepreneursAdam Smith led push to end
mercantilismLaissez-faire included(s)
Private ownershipFree enterpriseProfit motiveCompetitionMarket economy
Economic Facets
Higher living standardLate 19th century growth of
big business and international economic interdependence
Political FacetsPush for imperialismNeed large quantities of raw
materials Need for mass markets
Leadership of industrial nationsIndustry created:
Military power Financial strength
Led to late 19th century/early 20th century major powers
Gladstone
Disraeli
European Industrial Production
Political FacetsGrowth of democracyRise of middle/working classes
Desired political influenceExtension of suffrageRise of new political parties
Mass media provided informationStrengthened nationalismMass media provided common infoTransportation linked people
Crystal Palace – London, 1851
Exhibitions of the industrial utopia
Social Facets
Improved status of womenFrom home to factory and office Late 1800s organized to better their status
More comfortable homesLeisure timeAverage work day from 15 hrs to 10Could pursue personal interests
EducationCultureRecreation
Social FacetsNew family patternsFamilies had 2 basic functions
EducationEconomic
Desire for education Industrial workers needed basic skillsEducated maybe escape labor marketMore complex world needed
to be understoodLed to free public education
Social Facets
HumanitarianismAbolition of slaveryExpanded missionary servicesCare for sick/wounded soldiersImproved treatment of
insane and criminalsPhilanthropy
Dynamic societyExpected repeat of feudal, agrarian pastBut new, dynamic world of speed and
opportunity
Social FacetsIncreased world populationIncreased supply of food and goods Medical science improved
Growth of citiesPeople lured to cities by:
Jobs Social and cultural opportunities
Better transportation allowed easier movement of people and goods
Crime
Social Facets
Labor discontentHours-longWages-lowChildren (5+) and
women held industrial jobs
Factories-unsanitary/unsafeUnions
Technological unemployment
Railroads on the Continent
1800 1 ton of coal 50,000 miners
1850 30 tons 200,000 miners
1880 160 million tons
500,000 miners
1914 292 million tons
1,200,000 miners
Coal Mining in Britain:1800-1914
Child Labor in the Mines
Child “hurriers”
Comparative Weight of Factory & Non-Factory Children (In lbs.)
Age
Average weight of males in factories
Average weight of
males not in factories
Age
Average weight of females in factories
Average weight of
females not in factories
9 51.76 53.26 9 51.13 52.40
10 57.00 60.28 10 54.80 54.44
11 61.84 58.36 11 59.69 61.13
12 65.97 67.25 12 66.08 66.07
13 72.11 75.36 13 73.25 72.72
14 77.09 78.68 14 83.41 83.43
15 88.35 88.83 15 87.86 93.61
Textile FactoryWorkers in England
Industrial Protests and Reformers
The Luddites: 1811-1816
Ned Ludd [a mythical figure supposed to live in Sherwood Forest]
Attacks on the “frames” [power looms]
Peterloo Massacre, 1819:British Soldiers Fire on British Workers
British Union, Factory/ Mine, & Suffrage Laws
Factory Act of 1819No hiring children under 9No working >9 children more than
12-hour day
1824-1825Workers could form unions but not
strike
British Union, Factory/ Mine, & Suffrage Laws
Reform Bill of 1832Lower property qualifications for
votingMore representation for
large industrial citiesCity workers not enfranchised in
1832 made Chartist Movement
The “Peoples’ Charter” (Chartists)
1838Radical campaign for
Parliamentary reformVotes for all menRemove requirement that
Members of Parliament be property owners
Secret ballot
British Union, Factory/ Mine, & Suffrage Laws
Factory Act of 1833Prohibited hiring children <9Prohibited working 9-13 year-olds more
than a 9-hour dayMines Act of 1842Prohibited mine employment
for <10 and women10-Hour Law of 1847Limited child and woman labor
to 10-hour day in textile factories
NEW ECONOMIC IDEAS
Thomas Malthus
Population growth will outpace food supply
War, disease, or famine could control population
Poor should have fewer childrenFood supply would then
keep up with population
David Ricardo
“Iron Law of Wages”
When wages are high, workers have more children
More children createlarge labor surplus that depresses wages
The Utilitarians:Jeremy Bentham & John Stuart Mill
Goal of society = “greatest good for the greatest number”
Government intervention provides some social safety net
Socialism
Government (as representative of people) Owns/operates major means of
production and distributionDetermines needs of people and
provides goods servicesPlans economy
SocialismEarly types Utopian Socialists Capitalists would voluntarily end capitalism when they saw merits of socialism
Scientific Socialists Capitalism would destroy itself
LIBERALISM
French Political
Development
Second French Republic (1848-1852)
Louis Napoleon elected presidentIn 1852 he ended republicMade himself Emperor Napoleon III
of 2nd French EmpirePeople voted to approve this
change
Second French Empire (1852-1870)
GovernmentNapoleon III kept outward
democracyConstitutionLegislatureUniversal male suffrage
In reality dictatorshipSecret policeCensorship of the pressState-controlled elections
Second French Empire (1852-1870)
Early popularity with:Nationalists
Imperialistic movesMiddle class
Improved banking and credit Promoted railroads and canalsEncouraged growth of industry
City workersLegalized unions (limited right to strike)Created public works jobs
Second French Empire (1852-1870)
Later discontent from:Advocates of democracyCatholics—feared French aid to Italian
unification threatened ChurchNationalists—failure in Mexico
DownfallNapoleon III opposed German unificationFranco-Prussian War (1870-1871)
French overwhelmedNapoleon III captured
Third French Republic (1871-1940)
1871-National Assembly electedRoyalist majority
Promised immediate peaceRepublican minority
Pledged to continue warAccepted Prussia’s termsAssembly reestablished monarchy1871-set up republic, meant to be
temporary Royalists lost control to republicans
Third French Republic (1871-1940)
Dreyfus Affair (1894) Jewish, Republican Alfred Dreyfus court-
martialed by royalist officers Declared guilty of selling military
documents to GermanyMonarchists, clericals, and anti-Semites
used this to discredit Republic In 1906, Dreyfus declared innocent
Dreyfus Affair resultsAnti-Semitism discreditedMonarchist army officers removedLaws to weaken clerical influence
NATIONALISM
GERMAN UNIFICATION
German States (1789-1848)
Factors promoting unityCommon nationalityNapoleon’s influence
Aroused German nationalism against him Weakened Austrian authority Reduced 300 German states to fewer than 100
Congress of Vienna Reduced German states to 38 Made German Confederation
Zollverein 1819-German tariff union By 1840 most German states were members
German States (1789-1848)
Factors hindering unityDifferences among Germans
North Protestant Manufacturing/commerce
South Catholic Agricultural
Opposition of AustriaOpposition of small German states afraid
of losing autonomyOpposition of France
Unified Germany could challenge French leadership France felt more secure with weak neighbors
Failure of 1848 Revolutions
Liberals called Frankfurt AssemblyWrote democratic constitutionProclaimed united GermanyOffered position of emperor to king of Prussia
He refused because of fear of Austrian reaction
Liberals lacked military power to enforce unification Liberals had to flee
Way was open for unity under autocrat
Steps to Unification (1862-1871)
Leaders Bismarck
Junker Prussian chief ministerReactionary United Germany by “blood and iron”, not votes
William I (Wilhelm I)Hohenzollern king of Prussia
Liberals had majority in legislature Opposed militarism Distrusted Bismarck
1862-67 Bismarck governed as virtual dictator by ignoring lawmakers
Steps to Unification (1862-1871)
Elimination of Austrian influenceDanish War (1864)
Created war with Denmark Aided by
Austria, defeated Denmark
Prussia and Austria became joint owners of provinces
Steps to Unification (1862-1871)
Elimination of Austrian influence Austro-Prussian War (1866)
Bismarck purposely argued over S-H
Treaty (1866)Prussia got S-HAustria ceded
Venetia to ItalyAustria agreed to
end Austrian-dominated German Confederation
North German Confederation (1867)
Bismarck forced German states to join Prussian-dominated North German Confederation4 south German states notTied to Prussia
by ZollvereinTied by defensive
military alliance
Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871)
Bismarck wanted war with France to bring in southern German states Pushed his choice for Spanish throneNap. III declared war4 southern states
joined NGCAlsace and
Lorraine to Germany
Beginning of German Empire (1871)
At Palace of Versailles, Bismarck proclaimed William I (Wilhelm I) as Emperor of German Empire
German Empire’s Government
UndemocraticAutocracy
King had autocratic powersBundesrat-powerful
Appointed by heads of states Reichstag-few powers
Popularly electedPrussian domination
King and chief minister from PrussiaPrussian-controlled Bundesrat
MilitarismIndustrializationPersecution of subject nationalitiesPropaganda against Jews Kulturkampf (against Catholics)Catholics supported states’ rights
Measures against SocialistsDemocratic, antimilitarist, and internationalistCreated social security to take steam out of
their demands
Bismarck’s Empire (1871-1890)
Bismarck’s Empire (1871-1890)
Foreign policies-to gain allies and isolate France Alliance with Austria-HungaryDefensive alliance with Italy Befriended Russia
Wilhelm II’s Empire (1888-1918)
In 1890 WII dismissed Bismarck, reversing many of his policies, especially his alliancesStrengthened military Furthered imperialism
ITALIAN UNIFICATION
Italy in 1815
Factors hindering unityPolitical division from Congress of
Vienna Opposition of AustriaOpposition of PapacyDiscord among nationalists
Factors promoting unityNationalist feelingPatriotic societies
LeadersMazzini—soul of unification
For democratic republicUsed newspapers and speeches 1848-led unsuccessful try to take Papal
States Founder of Young Italy
Garibaldi—sword of unification For democratic republicMilitary leader who protected Mazzini’s
short-lived Roman Republic Leader of Red Shirts Fought against French and Austrians
LeadersCavour—brain of unification
For liberal monarchy Liberal prime minister of Sardinia-
PiedmontDiplomatically tried to unify Italy
Victor Emmanuel II—King of Sardinia-Piedmont Supported Cavour’s liberal
policies In 1861 became king of Italy
Sardinia-Piedmont Unified Italy
Problems After UnityRCC hostility because of seizure of
Papal StatesPoor economic conditionsAmbitious nationalism without real
political/military power to accomplish itGovernment weaknessesPeople lacked democratic traditionPope forbade Catholics from being in
government or votingUntil 1912, only wealthy could voteBribery/Corruption in public life
AUSTRIA
Dual Monarchy
(1867)
Hungary received equal partnershipSeparate government for local mattersJoined on national matters
Serbs continued to agitate for freedomGained nothing from this agreementEspecially angry when Serbs within
Ottoman Empire were freed in 1878
UNIT 6 NOTESNATIONALISM
AND
INDUSTRIALIZATION
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