CE Delft 4I11 Infrastructure and external cost coverage FINAL
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1
July 2016
4.I11 – Infra moto
This report
Arno Schrot
Maarten ‘t
Delft, CE D
Publication
Freight tran
Client: IRU
CE Delft pu
Further info
© copyright
InfraexteroadEU28
CE Delft
Committe
Through i
world. In
wealth of
agencies,
enthusias
structure and eorways
is prepared by
ten
Hoen
elft, July 2016
n code: 16.4I11.
nsport / Europe
.
ublications are a
ormation on thi
t, CE Delft, Del
astructernal cod freigh8 moto
ed to the Envir
ts independent
the fields of en
f know-how on t
NGOs and indu
m of CE Delft’s
external cost c
y:
.70a
ean Union / Cos
available from w
is study can be
lft
ture anost covht tranorways
ronment
t research and c
nergy, transport
technologies, p
ustries in pursui
s staff have bee
coverage of roa
sts / Accidents
www.cedelft.eu
obtained from
nd veragensport s
consultancy wor
t and resources
olicies and eco
it of structural c
en devoted to ac
ad freight trans
/ Air pollution /
u
the contact per
e of on
rk CE Delft is he
our expertise i
nomic issues we
change. For 35
chieving this mi
sport on EU28
/ Taxes / Charg
rson, Arno Schr
elping build a s
is leading-edge
e support gover
years now, the
ission.
ges
roten.
ustainable
. With our
rnment
e skills and
2
A
July 2016
1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4
2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9
3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5
4 4.1 4.2 4.3
5 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4
6
Annex A A.1 A.2 A.3 A.4 A.5
4.I11 – Infra moto
Con
Summar
IntroducBackgrouObjectiveScope Outline o
InfrastruIntroductInfrastrucAccident Air pollutCosts of cNoise cosCongestioCosts of uConclusio
RevenueIntroductVehicle tInfrastrucFuel taxeConclusio
Cost covIntroductScenariosResults
ConclusExternal InfrastrucRevenue Uncertain
Referen
DetailedIntroductInfrastrucAccident Air pollutNoise cos
structure and eorways
tent
ry
ction und e
of the report
ucture andtion cture costs costs tion costs climate chansts on costs upstream emons
e from taxetion taxes cture chargees ons
verage ratition s for compar
ions and infrastrcture and ex from taxes anties
nces
d informatition cture costs costs tion sts
external cost c
t
d external c
nge
missions
es and cha
es
os
ring costs an
ucture cost cxternal costsand charges
ion on cost
coverage of roa
costs
rges
d revenue
coverage rats
estimation
ad freight trans
tios
ns
sport on EU28
4
7 7 7 8 9
10 10 10 14 17 19 21 23 25 27
29 29 30 33 36 39
41 41 41 42
45 45 45 46 46
48
51 51 51 53 54 54
3
A
July 2016
Annex B B.1 B.2 B.3
4.I11 – Infra moto
EarmarkIntroductMethodolResults
structure and eorways
ked revenution logy
external cost c
ue from tax
coverage of roa
xes and cha
ad freight trans
arges
sport on EU28
55 55 55 56
4
July 2016
Figure 1
4.I11 – Infra moto
Sum
Internalisobjectivetransportstimulateprinciplenational this Direc(air pollugoods ve In light ocommissiroad freifrom taxe
A significoveredThe reveby vans aincluded pollutionthese cos
Cost cover
Note: A c
cov
28%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
140%
160%
180%
I
structure and eorways
mmary
sing the infrae of the Eurot, the Eurovie Member Sts in their trainstruments ctive provideution, noise) hicles (HGVs
of the planneioned CE Delght transpores and charg
icant part od by taxes nue from cu
and HGVs on in the curre and noise) asts by 28% fo
age ratios for a
cost coverage ra
vered by tax re
% higher than c
nfrastructurecosts
Scenario 1
external cost c
y
astructure aopean Commignette Direcates to implansport taxe better reflees that the in can be leves).
ed revision olft to examinrt on EU28 mges paid by t
of the infra
urrent taxes a EU28 motor
ent Eurovigneassociated toor HGVs (see
all scenarios fo
atio presents w
evenues. E.g. a
costs.
+Air pollution+Noise
Scenario 2:Current
Eurovignette
coverage of roa
nd external mission’s tranctive is one oement the ‘s and charge
ect the socianfrastructureraged throug
f the Eurovigne the infras
motorways vethis sector.
astructure
and charges rways do covette Directivo these kilom Figure 1) an
or HGVs on EU2
what share of th
cost coverage r
n +Acciden+Climate
e
Scenario
ad freight trans
costs of trannsport policyof its main inpolluter-payes, in order tl costs of trae costs and sgh tolls and v
gnette Direcstructure andersus the rev
and extern
related to tver the cost cve (infrastrucmetres. The nd 42% for va
28 motorways in
e infrastructure
ratio of 128% me
tse
+Conge
3 Scenar
sport on EU28
nsport is an iy. In road frenstruments tys’ and ‘userto ensure thaansport. Thesome externvignettes to
ctive, IRU d external covenue that is
nal costs ar
he kilometrecategories thcture costs, revenue excans.
n 2013
e and/or extern
eans that tax re
stion +Upsemi
rio 4 Scen
important eight to -pays’ at these
erefore, al costs heavy
osts of collected
re already
es driven hat are air
ceeds
nal costs are
evenues are
streamssions
nario 5
5
July 2016
Figure 2
4.I11 – Infra moto
Howeverall infrasmotorwato 23%) fupstreamcost and
Total in€ 37 bilIn this stto HGVs apollutionthese vehcosts of €(€ 27 billthe totalFigure 2)
Total exterand vans o
As congenot comptotal costhis studyroughly eThe costseffects a€ 4.3 bill
1 The ra
upstre
14.2
Acc
Cli
Inf
structure and eorways
, the revenutructure andys. As is showor HGVs (and
m emission co revenue.
frastructurlion udy the infraand vans are, climate chhicles on the€ 37 billion, ion). Both fo costs, follow.
rnal and infrastn motorways in
stion costs apletely cleart perspectivey. The congeestimated ats of upstreamre indirectlyion (€ 2.1 - €
ange in these ream emissions.
cidents
imate change
frastructure costs
€ 27 bi
external cost c
ue from curred external cown in Figured by -11% toosts as well w
re and exte
astructure coe consideredhange, noise)ese motorwa almost threeor HGVs and wed by clima
tructure costs n the EU28 in 2
are (partly) br to what exte. For that restion costs ot € 7 billion im emissions y related to r€ 6.4 billion
esults is coming
2.7
4.3
5.3
0.6
Air pollutants
Noise
illion
coverage of roa
ent taxes anosts related e 1, the costs 27% for vanwould furthe
ernal costs
osts of EU28, as well as t) that are reays. From thee quarters (7 vans, infrasate change a
(excluding con2013 (billion €2
borne by thetent they canreason theseof road freign 2013 (HGV are presenteroad transpo).
from the uncer
ad freight trans
d charges doto kilometres exceed thes)1. Includinger increase t
of road fre
motorways the externallated to the e total infras73%) are cautructure cosand air pollu
ngestion and up2013)
same partien be regarde costs are pr
ght transportVs: € 4 billioned separatelort. These co
rtainty in the co
4.9
Accidents
Climate change
Infrastructure c
€ 10
sport on EU28
o not complees driven on e revenue byg congestion
the differenc
eight trans
that can be l costs (accid kilometres dstructure and
used by HGVssts contributeution costs (s
pstream emissi
es causing thed external fresented sept on motorwan; vans: € 3 bly as well, asosts are estim
osts of climate
1.4
2.5
0.3
Air pollutant
Noise
costs
0 billion
etely cover EU28
y 10% (-8% n costs and ce between
port are
allocated dents, air driven by d external s e most to see
ons) of HGVs
hem, it is from a parately in ays are billion). s these mated at
change and
1.2
5
ts
6
July 2016
Figure 3
4.I11 – Infra moto
RevenueThe reveownershifor HGVstaxes/chmotorwavehicle ty(24 billiocontribut
Total tax/cthe EU28 in
Part of rBased onschemes,earmarkefor the erevenue while foris comingfuel excisEuropean
RobustnThe resumind wheshould be(becauseof GHG euncertainuncertainFinally, pis rather infrastrucDespite tand hencrobust.
10.
Vehi
Fuel
structure and eorways
e of road frnue collectep tax, insura and vans in arges, only tys is taken inype, it is seen). Fuel excte most, whi
charge revenuen 2013 (billion
road freigh a thorough , we find thaed for investxternal costsrelated to kir vans this shg from road ise duties, thn countries.
ness of results of this stuen interpretie considered
e EU wide conemissions arenty on the sonty, a bandwparticularly t scarce, resucture cost esthese uncertce the genera
7
icle taxes
l excise duties
€ 24 b
external cost c
reight traned from specance tax, roa 2013 in the the share thanto accounten that HGVsise duties (vile the reven
e from HGVs an €2013)
ht transport analysis of nat part of thetments in roas of road trailometres drhare is aboutinfrastructurhe revenue f
ults udy contain ing them. Pa
d rough estimnsistent cone uncertain aocial costs ofwidth of the the data on iulting in relastimates for tainties, the al conclusion
1.3
12.3
Infrastructure cha
illion
coverage of roa
sport taxescific transporad infrastruc EU28 is estiat can be re. By breakings contribute
vans) and infnue from veh
nd vans associa
t tax revennational roade revenue ofad infrastrucansport. For riven on EU28t 20%. The mre charges; irom this inst
some uncertarticularly, tmates, as thegestion indicas well, whicf climate chacost of climainfrastructur
atively signifi EU28 motor order of mans presented
3
arges
ad freight trans
s estimatedrt taxes (regcture chargemated at € 3lated to the g down the t about 73% orastructure c
hicle taxes is
ted to kilometr
nue is earmd freight tranf these taxescture and/or HGVs, 35% o8 motorways
majority of thn contrast totrument is ea
tainties, whithe congestioey are based cators are noch is closely ange. To refate change ire expendituicant uncertarways. gnitude of th
d in this stud
5.3
Vehicle taxes
Fuel excise duties
€ 9
sport on EU28
d at € 33 bgistration taxes, fuel excis33 billion. Fo kilometres dtotal revenuof the total rcharges (HGVs rather limit
res driven on m
marked nsport taxats/charges arr mitigation mof the total ts has been ehis earmarkeo vehicle taxarmarked in
ich has to beon cost estim on model exot available) linked to theflect this largs presented.
ures in Easteainties in the
he results is dy are consid
1.2
Infrastructu
s
9 billion
illion x, e duties) or all driven on e to revenue Vs) ted.
motorways in
ion re measures tax/charge armarked,
ed revenue xes and most
e kept in mates xercises . The costs e ge . rn Europe e
reliable dered to be
2.5
re charges
7
July 2016
1 1.1
1.2
4.I11 – Infra moto
Intr
Backgro
Freight tgoods, cocornerstoquarters the mostthan € 302012 (Eueconomicthe EU28 On the otGovernmmaintenaresults innoise, ac Internalisthe transthe Commthe real c‘user-payoperationinternalis(HGVs) by(vignettecharge H(i.e. air p In view ocommissiinfrastrucassess tocharges l
Objectiv
The objeexternal covered driven byscenariosand the t
2 Directi
(EC, 19
structure and eorways
oduct
ound
ransport is fontributes toone in the gr of the total dominant fr00 billion andropean Commc growth in t8 as well.
ther hand, roments spend aance of road n various typccidents).
sing the extesport policy omission statecosts to sociys’ principle nalised in thsing the infray use of dist
es). The currGVs for theipollution, no
of a future reioned CE Delcture and ex what extentlevied on thi
ve
ective of this costs of roadby the reveny these vehics, differentiatype of vehic
ive 1999/62/EC999) (EC, 2006)
external cost c
tion
fundamental o productivitrowth of the inland freigreight transpd almost 3 mmission, 201the EU28, bu
oad freight ta significant infrastructu
pes of extern
ernal and infof the Europes that transety by wider (European Ce Eurovignetastructure atance-relatedrent Directiver infrastruct
oise) through
evision of thelft to providexternal costst these costss sector.
s study is to ed freight tranue from thecles on theseating betweecles consider
C, modified by D) (EC, 2011).
coverage of roa
to our econty in all othe EU economyht transport port mode. Wmillion jobs (5), road frei
ut is in itself
transport res part of theiure. Furthermal costs (e.g
frastructure pean Commissport chargesr applicationCommission, tte Directivend external d tolls and tie provides Mture costs anh tolls and vi
e Eurovignete a state-of-s of road freis are covere
examine to wansport on EUe taxes and ce motorwaysen the types red.
Directive 2006/
ad freight trans
omy. It faciler economic sy. By accoun (Eurostat, 2
With an annu1.3% of totaight transpor a dominant
sults in somer budgets onmore, road fg. air pollutio
costs is an imssion. In its Ts and taxes sn of the ‘poll 2011). This
e2, which pro costs of heaime-based us
Member Stated part of thegnettes.
tte Directivethe-art overght transpord by the rev
what extent U28 motorwacharges relat. We investig of external
38/EC and by D
sport on EU28
litates the frsectors, and
nting for abo2016) road trual turnover al EU employrt not only e economic se
e societal con the construfreight transon, climate c
mportant obTransport Whshould betteluter-pays’ a aim is partlyovides a framavy goods vehser charges es the opporeir external
e, IRU has rview of the rt in the EU2
venue from t
the infrastrays in 2013 ated to the kigate this for cost to be c
Directive 2011/7
ree flow of d is a out three ransport is of more ment) in
enables ector in
st. uction and port change,
bjective of hite Paper, er reflect and y
mework for hicles
rtunity to costs
total 28, and to axes and
ucture and are lometres r several covered
76/EU,
8
July 2016
1.3
4.I11 – Infra moto
In order taddresse1. What
drivea H
db W
ac W
a2. What
drivea Wb W
inc W
od W
in3. How
tax/ctransa Wb W
fr
Scope
In this st This s
total and vdiscustudythis s
The vwith for exDirechybriuse ocostspurpocovermargpersptopic
Geog All da
2013.were FurthEU28
structure and eorways
to achieve thd in this stud
t are the infrn by road fre
How can infraefined?
Which methodnd various e
What is the tond vans on E
t is the amoun by road fre
What are the What is the ton the EU28 inWhat share ofn the EU28 m
What share ofnfrastructureare the totacharge revenport on EU28
Which scenarWhat are the reight transp
udy, the follstudy consid tax/charge vans on motossed in Secti
y are definedstudy. various infrasthe conceptxample, that
ctive are incld perspectiv
of total/aver a marginal cose of this str the infrastrinal perspec
pective. See . raphical scoata is presen. Data from s translated t
hermore, by average pric
external cost c
his objectivedy: rastructure aeight transpastructure an
dologies shoexternal costotal amount EU28 motorwunt of road teight transp relevant taxotal revenuen 2013? f the total remotorways inf the revenue or to mitigal infrastructnue, both rel8 motorwaysrios can be u infrastructuport on EU28
lowing basic ers the tota revenue, boorways. The ion 2.1, whild in Section 3
structure ants presented t all cost eleluded in thisve with resperage infrastrucost perspectudy (i.e. to ructure and ctive is not a the text box
ope: the studnted for the ysources wheto price leve using PPP coce level.
coverage of roa
e, the follow
and externalort on EU28 nd external c
ould be applits of road fre of infrastruc
ways in 2013?tax/charge reort on EU28 xes/charges e from these
evenue can bn 2013?
ue is earmarkate the exteure and extelated to the s in 2013? sed to comp
ure and exte8 motorways
principles al infrastructu
oth related to specific costle the taxes 3.1. Transpo
nd external c in the Eurovements ments study. The ect to the coucture costs ctive is recom examine to external cosppropriate. x below for a
dy covers theyear 2013 an
ere price leveel 2013 by Coorrections al
ad freight trans
wing research
costs relate motorways icosts of road
ed to estimaeight transpocture and ex? evenue relat motorways i applied in th taxes/charg
be allocated
ked for spendernal costs ofernal costs c kilometres d
pare total cosrnal cost cov in 2013?
re applied: ure and exteo the kilomet categories and chargesort subsidies
cost categorivignette Diretioned in theEurovignetteost perspecti is prescribedmmended. H what extentsts of road frTherefore, wa more detai
e EU28. nd expressedels from otheonsumer Pricl figures are
sport on EU28
h questions a
ed to the kiloin 2013? d freight tra
ate the infraort? xternal costs
ted to the kiin 2013? he EU28? ges for HGVs
d to kilometr
ding on roadf road transp
compared to driven by roa
sts and reveverage ratios
ernal costs aetres driven considered s considered are not cove
es are definective. This ie Eurovignette Directive aive to be appd, while for
However, fort tax/chargereight transpwe apply a tiled discussio
d in euro pricer years werce Indices (Ce estimated a
are
ometres
nsport be
astructure
s of HGVs
lometres
s and vans
res driven
d port? the total ad freight
nue? s for road
nd the by HGVs are in this ered by
ed in line implies, te applies a plied: the external r the e revenue port) a otal cost on on this
ce level re used, PI). at the
9
July 2016
1.4
4.I11 – Infra moto
Total/ave
In assessin
and avera
Total
costs,
tonne
Margi
Marginal c
marginal
high traff
generated
traffic int
produces
costs may
congestio
Total/ave
therefore
Total
princi
charg
on soc
persp
Margi
indivi
users
the sa
prope
charg
Outline
The totalvans on Erelevant several sthe main
structure and eorways
erage vs. margi
ng infrastructur
age costs on the
costs reflect th
, as they are de
e kilometres.
nal costs are th
costs may differ
noise costs heav
ic intensity resu
d by the ‘extra’
tensity results in
a significant am
y be higher or lo
n costs, large d
erage and margi
, be used for di
and average co
iple. By compar
es, it is shown t
ciety. As this is
ective for our a
nal costs provid
dual vehicle the
will take accou
ame way as they
er work in achie
e levels is not t
of the repo
l infrastructuEU28 motorw tax and chacenarios for conclusions
external cost c
inal costs
re and external
e one hand and
he full costs in b
efined as the to
he costs caused
r significantly f
avily depend on
ults in relativel
’ vehicle is sma
n relatively hig
mount of extra
ower than the a
deviations betw
inal cost figures
ifferent purpose
osts provide use
ring these costs
to what extent
the main objec
assessments.
de a good basis
e exact costs it
unt of the addit
y do with priva
eving social effic
the objective of
ort
ure and exteways in 2013 rge revenues comparing ts of this stud
coverage of roa
costs of transp
marginal costs
billion Euros. Av
tal costs divide
by one vehicle
from total/aver
traffic density:
y low marginal
ll), while an ad
h marginal nois
noise). So, depe
average noise co
ween marginal a
s provide differ
es:
eful information
s with the total/
a certain vehic
ctive of this stu
to develop an e
t imposes on soc
tional external e
te costs and he
ciency. Since th
f this study, we
ernal costs of are estimats are discussthese costs ay are presen
ad freight trans
port, a clear dis
on the other ha
verage costs are
d by the total n
entering an ex
age cost figures
an additional v
noise costs (i.e
ditional vehicle
e costs (i.e. the
ending on the c
osts. Also for ex
nd average cost
rent information
n on the user-pa
/average revenu
cle category pay
dy, we have ap
efficient pricing
ciety (i.e. marg
effects of their
nce the transpo
he development
e haven’t studie
f kilometres ed in Chaptesed in Chapteand revenue nted in Chapt
sport on EU28
stinction betwee
and should be m
re closely relate
number of vehic
xisting traffic flo
s. For example,
vehicle on a roa
e. the additiona
e on a road with
e additional veh
context, margin
xternal acciden
t figures may ex
n. These figures
ays and pollute
ue from taxes a
ys for the costs
pplied a total co
g scheme. By le
ginal costs), tra
transport decis
ort market can
t of economic e
ed marginal cos
driven by Her 2, while ter 3. In Chap are assessedter 5.
en total
made:
ed to total
cle or
ow.
, the
ad with a
al noise
h a low
hicle
nal noise
nt and
xist.
s can,
r-pays
and
it imposes
ost
evying each
nsport
sion in just
do its
efficient
t values.
GVs and he pter 4, d. Finally,
10
July 2016
2 2.1
2.2
2.2.1
4.I11 – Infra moto
Infra
Introduc
Road freiinfrastruc infras accid air po costs noise conge costs All these the first Section 2presente ResearcWhat ardriven b This quea How
definb Whic
and c Wha
and
Infrastru
DefiningIn line widirect exof view –profitablcosts arewith the issue for expenditconsideri In this st Enhan
infras Rene
infrasa life
structure and eorways
astruc
ction
ight transporcture and exstructure cos
dent costs; ollution cost of climate c
e costs; estion costs; of upstream
cost categoresearch que
2.8 an overvid for both H
ch question 1re the infrasby road freig
estion consis can infrastrned? ch methodolvarious extet is the totavans on EU28
ucture cost
g infrastrucith the Eurov
xpenses, plus the opportue purposes (
e expressed b legal status public bodieures and finaing infrastruc
udy, four typncement cosstructure witwal costs: Astructure. Th
etime of mor
external cost c
cture
rt on EU28 mxternal costssts;
ts; change;
; m emissions.
ories will be aestion of thiiew of the to
HGVs and van
1 structure andght transpor
sts of three sructure and
ogies shouldernal costs ofal amount of 8 motorways
ts
cture costsvignette Dires the financiunity costs fo(Fraunhofer-by the intere of the inveses (as well asancing costscture costs.
pes of infrassts: All costs th respect toll costs assoche renewed re than 1-2 y
coverage of roa
e and
motorways res. The main o
assessed seps study (see otal infrastruns.
d external cot on EU28 m
sub questionexternal cos
d be applied f road freigh
f infrastructus in 2013?
s ective, we dng costs or –or not spendISI ; CE Delftest on capitastor. As finans for private should be ta
tructure cos of new infrao functionaliciated to the (parts of) thyears.
ad freight trans
exter
esults in diffeones are:
parately in th the text boxucture and ex
osts related otorways in
s: sts of road fr
to estimate ht transport?ure and exte
efine infrast regarded fring the resout, 2008). Final, where thencing of road investors), aken into ac
sts are considastructure ority and/or life renewal ofhe infrastruct
sport on EU28
rnal c
erent types
his chapter, x below). Fin
external cost
to the kilom 2013?
reight transp
the infrastr?
ernal costs of
tructure costrom a differeurces for mo
nancing or ope interest ratd infrastruct both direct ccount when
dered: r expansion fetime. f (parts of) tture will at
costs
of
addressing nally, in s is
metres
port be
ructure
f HGVs
ts as the ent point ore pportunity tes vary ure is an
of existing
he least have
11
July 2016
2.2.2
Figure 4
4.I11 – Infra moto
Mainmainof les
Operaeffici
Infrastrucinfrastructhe follow Varia
functmain
Fixedfunctenhaoperathe m
The distiallocatio
MethodoFigure 4 of motorw gathe estim alloca
Methodolog
3 E.g. st
Gat
heri
ngin
fras
truc
ture
expe
ndit
ures
Esti
mat
ing
tota
lin
fras
truc
ture
cost
sAl
loca
tion
of t
otal
infr
astr
uctu
reco
sts
structure and eorways
tenance costtenance. Thess than 1 to 2ational costsient use of th
cture costs ccture usage,wing types oable costs: Cotionality of ttenance and
d costs: Coststionality of tnce the funcational costsmaintenance
nction betwen of the cost
ology shows the thways for HGVering data on
mating total iation of tota
gy for estimati
treet lighting, t
Investment- Time serie
Total costs- Breakdown- Breakdown
Assumptionsinventory Me- Depreciat- Interest ra
Allocation- Based on Eq
Total costs2013
Breakdown oenhancemenexpenditures
external cost c
ts: These cosese are relat2 years. s: These coshe infrastruc
can be classi, i.e. transpoof costs are dosts that var
the infrastrucd renewal cos that do not
the infrastrucctionality of s are exampl and renewa
een variablets to differen
hree step apVs and vans:n infrastructinfrastructural infrastruct
ng infrastructu
raffic signs, etc
ts in motorwa data for 1979-2
of motorwayn to enhancemen to variable an
used in Perpetuethod (PIM): ion period / appate
of total infrasquivalancy facto
of motorway
of investments tnt and renewals
coverage of roa
sts refer to ttively minor
ts refer to thcture3.
ified by the wort volumes. defined (Ecory with transcture remainsts belongs tt vary with tcture remain the infrastrues of fixed i
al costs are (
e and fixed innt vehicle ty
proach we h: ure expenditre costs; ture costs to
ure costs
c.
ays2013
Ru- D
ys in the EU28 ent, renewal, md fixed costs
ual
proach
structure costor method
ys due to vans
to Bretoexp
ad freight trans
the costs of repairs with
he costs of t
way they are According torys ; CE Delfsport volumens unchangedto this cost ctransport volns unchangeducture. Consnfrastructurepartly) fixed
nfrastructureypes (see Sec
ave applied
tures;
the various
nning O&M exData for 2013
in 2013aintenance and
ts to various m
and HGVs in
eakdown of O&Moperation and mpenditures
sport on EU28
‘ordinary’ h an econom
the organisat
e influencedto this classifft, 2006): es while the d. Part of thcategory. lumes while d, or costs tstruction cose costs. Also
d costs.
e costs is usection 2.2.2).
to estimate
vehicle cate
xpenditures
operation costs
modes
the EU28 in
M expendituresmaintenance
ic lifetime
tion of an
by the fication,
he
the hat sts and o some of
ed for the
the costs
egories.
s
12
July 2016
4.I11 – Infra moto
GatherinThe dataStates haInternatithey havemotorwadata on t For most investmeA furtherabove ha
EstimatiBased ontotal cosdifferentrenewal the other
EnhanceThe enhaInventoryphilosophinfrastrucCE Delft,costs by infrastrucusing an found by appliance
Once thea breakddetailed Amsterdarenewal
OperatioThe oper2013. As two year The breadata (seeassumed and 70% f
AllocatioIn the finvehicle cmethod, example:2007; ITSdrivers) fresponsib
structure and eorways
ng data on on motorwa
as been colleonal Transpoe been estimy. More infototal infrastr
countries, oents and oper breakdown as been made
ing total in the infrastrts of motorwt approachescost on the or hand.
ement and rancement any Method (PIhy of public cture cost st 2008; CE Dedistributing cture. Additiappropriate summing upe of the PIM
e enhancemeown to fixed data for theam, 2014). Itcosts are ass
on and mainration and m these expens, capitalisa
akdown to fixe CE Delft an to be fully ffixed.
on of total nal step, the categories. T an approach: CE Delft anS, 2000). Thifor each vehbility or the
external cost c
infrastructay infrastrucected from nort Forum. Ifmated using aormation on tructure expe
only a breakdrational & m to the four e by the rese
nfrastructurructure expeways in the Es have been uone hand, an
renewal cosnd renewal cM). This metaccounting, tudies (e.g. selft, on-goin the initial inionally, the interest ratp the deprec can be foun
ent and rened and variable Netherlandt is assumed sumed 60% v
ntenance comaintenance cnditures genetion accordi
xed and variand Free Univfixed, while
infrastruct total costs o
This has beenh widely appnd Free Univs method deicle type andcausation of
coverage of roa
ture expencture expendnational accof data was naverage expethe approachenditures can
down of infrmaintenance types of infrearchers. See
re costs enditure dataEU28 in 2013used to estimnd the maint
sts osts are estithod is close and for thatsee ITS, 2000
ng). The PIM nvestments ointerest/finae. The total
ciation and innd in Annex A
wal costs arele costs is ms (see CE De that enhanc
variable and
osts costs are direrally have ang to the PIM
able costs isersity Amstemaintenance
ture costs of motorwayn done by applied in infrasersity Amste
efines certaind cost categf the vehicle
ad freight trans
nditures ditures in theounts and daot available enditure leveh applied to n be found in
astructure e expenditurerastructure ee Annex A.2
a gathered in are estimatmate the enhtenance and
mated by apely related tot reason wide0; UNITE, 20calculates th
over the lifetancing costs enhancementerest costsA.2.2.
e calculatedade. This is
elft and Free cement costs40% fixed.
rectly based an economic M approach i
again basederdam, 2014)e costs are a
to various ys are allocatplying the eqstructure cos
erdam, 2014;n proportionory which exs for the lev
sport on EU28
e various EU ta from the for a specifi
vels per kilom estimate thn Annex A.2.
expenditureses was availaexpenditures for more de
n the first stted. Therefohancement a operation c
pplying the Po the generaely used in
000; Fraunhohe annual detime of the are estimatnt/renewal s. Details on
d by applying done based e University s are fully fix
on the expe lifetime belis not necess
d on specific ). Operationassumed 30%
vehicle catted to the vaquivalency fst studies (se; ProgTRans/
nality factorsxpress the vel of total c
Member ic country, metre e required .1.
to able. s defined etails.
ep, the re, and osts on
Perpetual al
ofer ISI and epreciation
ted by costs are the
g the PIM, on
xed, while
enditures in low one or sary.
Dutch costs are
% variable
tegories arious factor ee for /IWW, s (cost
osts
13
July 2016
Figure 5
Table 1
2.2.3
Table 2
4.I11 – Infra moto
(FraunhoFigure 5.
Equivalenc
An overvin Table infrastrucAmsterdaproportio
Applied pro
Cost cate
Enhancem
Renewal c
Variable m
Fixed mai
Operation
Results In Table vans in th95% fixed(about 18mainly ca
Total costs(billion €20
Vehicle c
HGV
Van
structure and eorways
ofer ISI and C
cy factor metho
iew of the sp1. These procture cost stam, 2014; CEonality facto
oportionality fa
egory
ment costs
costs
maintenance co
intenance costs
n costs
2, the total he EU28 are d and 5% vari8%); as variaaused by veh
s of motorway i13)
category
external cost c
CE Delft, 200
od
pecific propooportionalitytudies carrieE Delft, on-gors applied ca
actors
osts
s
costs of mot presented. iable. The sh
able costs arehicles with h
infrastructure
Tota
coverage of roa
08). The appr
ortionality fay factors are ed out in Eurogoing). A moran be found
Propo
PC
4th
PC
4th
4th
PC
Ve
All
Ve
PC
torway infrasFor vans, thehare of variae particularl
high axle load
allocated to va
al costs
14.2
4.9
ad freight trans
roach is grap
actors applie in line with ope (CE Delfre detailed d in Annex A.2
ortionality fact
E kilometres (9
power axle loa
E kilometres (4
power axle loa
power axle loa
E kilometres (5
hicle kilometre
ocated to HGVs
hicle kilometre
E kilometres (7
structure alle total infrasable costs is y weight depds (i.e. HGVs
ans and HGVs in
Fixed cost
11.
4.
sport on EU28
phically illus
ed in this stu the most reft and Free Udiscussion on2.3.
tor
90%)
ad kilometres (1
40%)
ad kilometres (6
ad kilometres (1
50%)
es (35%)
s (15%)
es (30%)
70%)
located to Hstructure co higher for Hpendent, thes and buses)
n the EU28 in 2
ts Var
.5
.7
trated in
udy is given cent
University n the
10%)
60%)
100%)
GVs and sts are GVs ey are .
2013
riable costs
2.7
0.2
14
July 2016
2.3
2.3.1
Table 3
2.3.2
4.I11 – Infra moto
Acciden
DefiningTraffic acshorteninadministrdamages
External ac
Cost elem
Immateria
Medical c
Productio
Administr
Material d
From theThe accidshould th(e.g. GRAthat roadthey impexperiennot be ta Furthermpremiumwell. Wehence arthe medi
MethodoIn Figure explained estim estim alloca
structure and eorways
nt costs
g accident ccidents resung, sufferingrative costs . A more det
ccident costs e
ment
al costs
osts
on losses
rative costs
damages
e various cosdent costs thherefore be eACE, 2006; Ud users do taose on otherced by the v
aken into acc
more, part ofs and are th assume thate internalisecal and adm
ology 6, the threed:
mating the numating the toation of tota
external cost c
costs ult in severa
g, pain, sorro(e.g. costs ftailed overvi
elements
Fatalities
Loss of utility o
suffering of fri
External costs
before the vict
Net production
Costs for police
which are not c
Damages to ve
t elements, hat are anticexcluded froUNITE, 2000;ake their ownr road users.van/truck drcount in the
f the accidenerefore exclt all materia
ed. Additionaministrative c
e step appro
umber of casotal externalal external a
coverage of roa
al social costow, etc.), mefor police, juiew of these
of the victim,
ends and relativ
for medical car
tim deceased
n losses due to r
e, for the admin
carried by the t
hicles and/or ro
only the extcipated for bom the exter CE Delft et n accident ri. We assumeivers themse external cos
nt costs are iluded from tal damages aally, we tookcosts is cover
ach to estim
sualties; accident coccident cost
ad freight trans
s, i.e. immaedical costs,ustice, etc.), cost elemen
Injurie
ves
Pain an
friends
re Externa
until th
recove
reduced workin
nistration of jus
transport users
oad infrastructu
ternal parts sby road usersrnal cost esti al., 2011), isks into acco, therefore,
elves are intest estimation
internalised he external
are covered bk into accounred by insura
mate the exte
osts; ts.
sport on EU28
aterial costs , production , and materiants is given i
es
nd suffering of v
s and relatives
al costs for med
he person comp
ers from his/her
ng time, replace
stice and insura
ure
should be cos are internaimation. In lt is usually aount, but no that the cosernalised ann.
by insurance cost estimatby insurancent that someances as wel
ernal accide
(lifetime losses, al n Table 3.
victims,
dical care
pletely
r injury
ement costs
ance,
onsidered. al and iterature assumed ot the risk sts d should
e tion as es and e part of ll.
nt costs is
15
July 2016
Figure 6
4.I11 – Infra moto
Methodolog
EstimatiThe totalmotorwaIt providein these aDue to unnumber opolicy reCE Delft underreproad netwsignificanunderrepexternal
EstimatiTo estimaaccidentscost indicThe imm(VSL). In for a certcalculatewe applie€ 1.95 mand sligh(Ricardo-
Esti
mat
ing
num
ber
of c
asua
ltie
sEs
tim
atin
gto
tal
exte
rnal
acci
dent
cos
tsAlloc
atio
nof
tot
alex
tern
alac
cide
nt c
osts
structure and eorways
gy to estimate
ing the numl number of ys were avaies data on thaccidents, bnderreportinof casualtiesports and aret al. (2008)
porting. Howwork. As we ntly lower thporting in thi accident cos
ing the totaate the totas on motorwcators. An ovaterial costs this concepttain reductioed. In the liteed the VSL reillion (EU-avt injuries are-AEA, 2014; C
Numbermotorwa- Fataliti
Total extmotorwa
Social co- Risk val- Human - Medical- Adminis
Allocatiodamage
Total extthe EU28
external cost c
external accid
mber of cas casualties inilable from the number o
based on repong, these figus. Particularlre therefore ) present ind
wever, these expect thathan on otheris study. Thissts, but we e
al externall external ac
ways, the numverview of ts are monetat, individualon of the accerature a huecommende
verage). The e assumed toCE Delft et a
of casualtieays in the EUes, severe inju
ternal costsays in the EU
ost per casuaue capital lossl carestrative costs
on of total expotential (in
ternal accide8 in 2013
coverage of roa
dent costs
sualties n HGV and vathe Europeanof fatalities, orted figuresures do probly slight inju not reflectedicators that indicators art underrepor road types, s may result expect this u
l accident cccident costsmber of casuhese indicatarised by uses are asked hcident risk. Buge range of ed by Ricardo cost indicato be 13% andal., 2008). A
s in van andU28 in 2013uries, slight inj
of van and HU28 in 2013
alty:
xternal costsntrinsic risk)
ent costs of
ad freight trans
an involved an Road Accid severe injurs by the vari
bably not refries are ofted in the offi can be usedre average fiting rates on we decided in an undereunderestimat
costs s of HGV andalties is mulors is given i
e of the Valuhow much thBased on the VSLs are preo-AEA (2014)tors for immad 1% of the Vdditionally,
HGV involve
juries
HGV involved
s to vehicle
HGVs and va
sport on EU28
accidents ondent Databasries and slighous Member
flect the actuen not menticial statisticd to correct igures for thn motorwaysd not to correrestimation otion to be lim
d van involveltiplied with in Table 4. e of a Statishey are williese values, tesented. In t), which is abaterial costsVSL, respecti other econo
ed accidents
d accidents o
category ba
ans on moto
n EU28 se CARE. ht injuries r States. ual oned in
cs. for such
he total s are ect for of the total mited.
ed relevant
tical Life ng to pay he VSL is
this study bout of severe ively
omic costs
s on
on
sed on
rways in
16
July 2016
Table 4
2.3.3
Table 5
4.I11 – Infra moto
(net prodat 10%, 2respectiv
EU28 avera
Cost elem
Fatality
Severe inj
Slight inju
In estimasingle anelementsindirect ecosts areaccident
AllocatioAs in CE we allocaon the datotal costhat all vattributeintrinsic reflects ton third
Results The total€ 2.7 billdivided o2011; CE injuries. that rela
Total exter
Vehicle c
HGV
Van
4 Other
vehicleSee An
structure and eorways
duction losse2% and 0.1% ovely (ibid).
age cost indica
ment
jury
ury
ating the totad multiple vs are consideeconomic co
e internalised risk; see Sec
on of total Delft et al. (ate the exteamage potents according
victims in a ced to the othrisk the use the specific parties by de
l external coion for HGVs
over fatalitie Delft, 2015) Those studietively higher
rnal costs of m
category
approaches thae categories arennex A.3 for mo
external cost c
es, medical cof the VSL fo
ators external a
al external avehicle accidered, while fosts are consd, because tction 2.3.1).
external a(2011) and Crnal accidenntial (intrinsig to the damacertain vehicher vehicle in of certain venature of execiding to tr
osts of motors and € 1.4 bes and injurie) the costs oes did considr risks on fat
motorway accide
T
at can be used te the monitorinore information
coverage of roa
costs and admor fatalities,
accident costs
Immaterial
accident cosents. For mu
for single vehidered (as whe road user.
accident coCE Delft and nt costs to thic risk) approage potentiacle involved nvolved. As tehicles impo
xternal costs ravel).
rway accidenbillion for vaes. In previo
of fatalities ader the wholtal accidents
ents of HGVs an
otal costs
2.7
1.4
to allocate the ng perspective a.
ad freight trans
ministrative severe and
(x 1,000 €2013)
costs Di
costs (
1,955
254
20
ts, a distinctultiple vehichicle acciden
we assume thr has anticipa
osts Free Univers
he various veoach4. This aal of a certaiin a multiplethis approachose on other (i.e. the cos
nts in the EUns. These cous studies (e
always exceee network ths had to be t
nd vans in the
Costs of fatali
external accideand the respons
sport on EU28
costs) are e slight injurie
irect and indire
(production los
and administ
tion is madecle accidentsnts only the
hat the immaated for his/
sity Amsterdehicle categoapproach alloin vehicle. Te party accidh is based on road users, sts that are
U28 in 2013 aosts are almoe.g. CE Delfteded the coshough, whichtaken into ac
EU28 in 2013
ities Cos
1.4
0.6
ent costs to thesibility perspect
estimated es
ect economic
sses, medical
trative costs)
195
39
2
between s all cost direct and aterial /her own
dam (2014) ories based ocates the his means dent are n the it best imposed
are ost equally t et al., sts of h implies ccount.
(billion €2013)
sts of injuries
1.3
0.7
e various tive (guilt).
17
July 2016
2.4
2.4.1
2.4.2
Figure 7
4.I11 – Infra moto
Air pollu
DefiningThe mostexhaust (These emeffects (imaterial and mateconcentr(due to a
MethodoA two-steemitted estim estim
Methodolog
5 Recentultrafireliablwe hav
Esti
mat
ing
tota
lai
r po
llut
ant
emis
soin
s.
Esti
mat
ing
tota
lair
po
llut
ant
cost
s
structure and eorways
ution costs
g air pollutt important r(PM2.5) and nmissions resuincreased ris damages (i.erials througrations of NOacidification
ology ep approach by HGVs and
mating total amating total e
gy for estimati
tly, more and mne particulate mle cost indicatove not taken th
EU28 totemissionand heav- PM2.5, NO
Total airmotorwa
Total costhe EU28
Shadow- PM2.5, P- NOx
Data proc- Breakdo
buses a- Breakdo
road ty
external cost c
s
ion costs road transponon-exhaust ult in varioussk of respirate. soiling of
gh corrosive pOx emissions) and eutroph
is used to ed vans on moair pollutantexternal air
ng air pollution
more evidence cmatter (PM0.1), rs to monetarisese emissions i
tal air pollutns from vansvy vehiclesOx
pollutant emays in the EU
st of air poll8
price (€/tonPM10
essing to: own emissions
and HGVsown emissionspe
coverage of roa
ort air pollut(PM10) emiss types of costory and car building surprocesses), c and impact
hication of w
stimate the otorways in tt emissions b pollutant co
n costs
comes available black carbon ase the health imnto account in
tant TranvoluHGVmoto
missions fromU28
ution from v
n)
to
ad freight trans
ants are parsions) and nitsts (CE Delft diovascular d
rfaces and decrop losses (ds on ecosyste
water and soi
external coshe EU28 (see
by HGVs and osts.
e on the significnd NO2. Howeve
mpacts of these this study.
nsport me vans and
Vs on orways
m vans and H
vans and HGV
sport on EU28
rticulate mattrogen oxide
t et al., 2011diseases), buegradation odue to increems and bioil).
sts of air pole Figure 7): vans on mot
cant health imper, there are no emissions. For
d
HGVs emitte
Vs on motorw
Emissionof non-eemission
tter (both e (NOx)
5. ): health uilding and
of facades easing diversity
llutants torways;
acts of ot yet that reason,
ed on
ways in
n factors exhaustns (PM10)
18
July 2016
Table 6
2.4.3
Table 7
4.I11 – Infra moto
EstimatimotorwThe ConvEU Memb(PM2.5 andatabase The L
bottoshare
The Lshareconsuand r
The LRTAThese emvehicle k The totalEU28 are
Total air po
Vehicle c
HGVs
Vans
EstimatiThe totalestimate(2014) anemissionsnot approthe shadoinformati
Results The estimmotorwaare abou
Total costs(billion €20
Vehicle c
HGV
Van
structure and eorways
ing total aiways vention on Lober States tod NOx) of roa
e. It has beenLRTAP data pom-up approes of HGVs anLRTAP data oe of air polluultants (baserelevant emi
AP data doesmissions are tkilometres by
l air pollutane presented i
ollutant emissi
category
ing total ail air pollutand above by rnd CE Delft es. NEEDS alsoopriate for tow prices foion on these
mated total cys in the EU2t € 4.3 billio
s of air pollutan013)
category
external cost c
r pollutant
ong-Range To report on thad transportn modified/dpresent figurach using vend buses in tonly present utants emitteed on a bottossion factors
s not providetherefore esy relevant em
nt emissions in Table 6.
ions from HGVs
r pollutantnt costs are relevant shadet al. (2011)o provides shtransport. Thr PM2.5 and P
e shadow pric
costs of air p28 in 2013 a
on, while for
nt emissions fro
coverage of roa
t emissions
Transboundarheir total ext. This data idetailed in twres for HGVs ehicle kilomethe total em data on a coed on motorwom-up appros).
e any figuresstimated by mmission facto
from HGVs a
s and vans on m
PM2.5
6.9
5.1
t costs estimated bydow prices. , NEEDS shadhadow priceherefore, in PM10 are baseces is given i
pollutant emre presented vans these c
om HGVs and v
ad freight trans
by HGVs a
ry Air Pollutixhaust air pos available fwo ways for and buses to
etres and emissions are eountry level.ways have beoach, using v
on non-exhamultiplying tors (from TR
and vans on
motorways in th
PM
2.
0.
y multiplyingAs recommedow prices as for PM emiline with CE ed on HEATCin Annex A.4
missions fromd in Table 7.costs are abo
vans on motorw
T
sport on EU28
and vans on
ion (LRTAP) llutant emisfrom a public this study:
together. Basmission factorestimated. . Estimationeen made by
vehicle kilom
aust PM emithe total num
REMOVE).
motorways i
he EU28 in 201
M10
.5
.9
g the total eended by Ricare used for Nissions, but t Delft et al.
CO (2006). Mo4.
m HGVs and v. For HGVs, tout 1.2 billio
ways in the EU2
Total costs of a
n
obliges all sions c EEA
sed on a rs, the
s on the y the
metre data
ssions. mber of
in the
13 (kton)
NOx
387
94
emissions ardo-AEA NOx these are (2011), ore
vans on the costs on.
28 in 2013
ir pollution
4.3
1.2
19
July 2016
2.5
2.5.1
2.5.2
Figure 8
4.I11 – Infra moto
Costs of
DefiningThe maindioxide (black caron globalinto acco The variosuch as sand rainfamenablebiodiverson and siknowledg
MethodoThe exteapproach(see Figu estim estim
Methodolog
EstimatiAll EU MeThese emdifferentduty vehiemissionsidentify t
Esti
mat
ing
tota
lCO
2eq
uiva
lent
em
issi
ons
.Es
tim
atin
gto
tal
clim
ate
chan
ge c
osts
structure and eorways
f climate ch
g cost of clin greenhouseCO2), nitrousrbon (root) al warming is ount in this s
ous GHG emiea level risefall), health e to parasiticsity impacts,ze of many oge.
ology rnal climate
h, comparablure 8): mating total Cmating total e
gy to estimate
ing total COember Statesmissions are pt emission soicles (i.e. HGs is applied tthe share of
EU28 tot- CO2, N2O
Total COmotorwa- Estimate
Total cosin the EU
Shadow(€/ton)
Data pro- Breakdo- Breakdo
external cost c
hange
imate chane gas emissios oxide (N2O
as a potentia still uncertastudy.
issions contre, agricultura impacts (e.gc and vector increase in of these imp
e change costle to the app
CO2 equivaleexternal clim
the external c
O2 equivales have to reppresented by
ources, includGVs + buses)to differenti GHG emissio
tal GHG emisO, CH4
O2-equivalentays in the EUed by using Glo
st of GHG emU28
price CO2-eq
ocessing to: own emissionsown emissions
coverage of roa
nge ons with respO) and methaally importanain (IPPC, 20
ibute to global impacts (dg. increase inr borne disea extreme wepacts are unc
ts are estimaproach appli
ent emissionsmate change
costs of GHG em
ent emissioport their GHy the EEA GHding light du. The same aate betweenons emitted
ssions from v
ts from vansU28obal Warming
missions from
q.
buses and HGto road type
ad freight trans
pect to road ane (CH4). Rent GHG emiss014), we do n
bal warming,due to changn heat stressase burdens)eather effectcertain, due
ated by appled for air po
s by HGVs an costs.
missions
ons HG emissionsHG data viewuty trucks (i.approach as n HGV and bu on motorwa
vans and hea
and HGVs e
Potentials
m vans and H
GVs
sport on EU28
transport arecent studiession. But as not take this
, resulting inges in tempes, expansion ), ecosystemts, etc. The to a lack of
lying a two-sollutant emis
nd vans on m
s to the UNFwer, distingue. vans) and for air polluus emissions
ays (see Sect
avy vehicles
emitted on
HGVs on mot
re carbon s mention the impact s effect
n impacts ratures of areas s and exact risk scientific
step ssions
motorways;
CCC. uishing d heavy utant s and to tion 2.4.2).
(Mton)
torways
20
July 2016
Table 8
2.5.3
Table 9
4.I11 – Infra moto
Furthermusing Glocan be m The estimmotorwa
Total GHG
Vehicle c
HGVs
Vans
EstimatiTotal climof CO2-eq(2014) anused. Thikeeping Cglobal teuncertain(€ 10) anbased onCommisshigh leveto meet t
Results Table 9 pvans on mrespectivlarge unc
Total costs(billion €20
Vehicle c
HGVs
Vans
6 The fo
7 This isthe coprices individeconommeasuVan depreferclimat
structure and eorways
more, the varobal Warmingmade betwee
mated total Cys in the EU2
emissions from
category
ing total clmate changeq. emissions nd CE Delft eis CO2 price CO2-eq. levemperature rnty in the COd high (€ 150 the costs toion (20% red
el is based onthe 2°C targ
presents the motorways invely. The larcertainty in t
s of GHG emissi013)
category
ollowing Global
the so-called ast to achieve a is the damage duals as a resultmists prefer theres the willingn
en Bergh and Bored. The main re change canno
external cost c
rious GHG emg Potentials
en these diffe
CO2 equivale28 are prese
m HGVs and van
imate chane costs can b by the CO2 pet al. (2011) is based on tel in the atmrise below 2°O2 price is la0) value for o meet the 2duction compn the upper get.
estimated tn the EU28 inrge range in tthese estima
ions from HGVs
Warming Poten
avoidance cost particular polic cost approach. t of the existene damage cost aness to pay of inotzen (2012), foreason is that tot be quantified
coverage of roa
missions are (IPPC, 2014)erent emissi
ent emissionsented in Tabl
ns on motorway
nge costs be estimatedprice. As rec, a shadow pthe cost for osphere belo°Celsius (Kuirge (see CE the CO2 pric2020 CO2 redpared to 199bound of the
total costs ofn 2013. Thesthe figures dations.
s and vans on m
ntials are used:
approach, whiccy target. Anot This approach ce of an externapproach to estndividuals to avor estimating COhe cost of risksd well.
ad freight trans
translated t), such that dons6.
s from HGVs le 8.
ys in the EU28
by multiplyicommended price of € 80 meeting theow 450 ppm k et al., 200Delft et al.,
ce is applied.uction targe0 level) (CE e estimation
f GHG emissise costs are €does, howeve
motorways in th
T
265 for N2O, an
ch estimates shaher approach tovaluates all dam
nality (e.g. healtimate shadow pvoid externalitieO2 prices, the a for the potenti
sport on EU28
to CO2 equivadirect comp
s and vans on
in 2013 (Mton
Total CO2
ying the total by Ricardo-A per tonne C
e long term t in order to k09)7. Since th 2011), also . The low CO
et of the Euro Delft, 2014) of Kuik et a
ions from HG€ 5.3 and € 2er, show the
he EU28 in 201
Total climate ch
5
2
nd 28 for CH4.
adow prices by o estimate (CO2
mage experienclth impacts). In prices, as this des. However, asavoidance cost aially high dama
alents by arisons
n
)
equivalent
65.9
30.9
l amount AEA et al. CO2 eq. is target for keep he a low O2 price is opean , while the
al. (2009)
GVs and 2.5 billion,
e relatively
13
hange costs
.3 (0.7–9.8)
.5 (0.3–4.6)
determining 2) shadow ced by general, directly s indicated by approach is ges of
21
July 2016
2.6
2.6.1
2.6.2
Figure 9
4.I11 – Infra moto
Noise co
DefiningNoise canother quaal., 2008 Anno
(e.g. which
Healthealtdiseadistumorta
MethodoAs is showexternal This appr estim estim alloca
Methodolog
8 Transp
employdisturb(Defrato take
Esti
mat
ing
the
num
ber
of
nois
eaf
fect
edpe
ople
Esti
mat
ing
tota
lno
ise
cost
sAlloc
atio
nof
tot
alno
ise
cost
s
structure and eorways
osts
g noise costn be definedality that ca). In generalyance costs: restriction oh lead to a dth impacts: rth impacts, lases, high blorbance (WHOality and mo
ology wn in Figure noise costs oroach consist
mating the numating the toating the tot
gy for estimati
port noise may ayees deterioratbance, etc.) and, 2014). These e them into acc
Number otraffic no- Threshol
Total nummotorway
Total nois
Shadow pexposed- Annoyan- Health c
Allocationweighting
Total noismln €)
external cost c
ts d as the unwauses physical, there are t: transport non desired ledecrease in hregular expoike increaseood pressureO, 2011). Thorbidity costs
9, a top-dowof HGVs andts of three mumber of noiotal noise costal noise cos
ng noise costs
also result in prtes due to loss od environmenta impacts are oncount in this stu
of people affeoise from majld: 55 dB(A)
mber of peoplys
se costs of ro
price per pers
ce costsosts
n of total noig factors
se costs of HG
coverage of roa
anted sound al or psycholotwo adverseoise imposeseisure activithuman’s welosure to trand risk of car
e), cognitive ese adverse s.
wn approach vans on mot
main steps: ise affected sts; ts to the var
roductivity losseof concentratioal impacts (e.g.ly scarcely stududy.
ected byjor roads
le affected b
oad traffic on
son
ise costs to v
GVs and vans
ad freight trans
or sounds ofogical harm impacts of ts undesired sties, discomfl-being. sport noise mdiovascular d impairment health impa
h is applied ttorways in th
people;
rious vehicle
es (i.e. the econ, tiredness due harmful effect
died, and for tha
Share of motof major roa
by traffic nois
n motorways i
ehicle catego
s on motorwa
sport on EU28
f duration, i to humans (transport nosocial disturfort or incon
may have sigdiseases (he, and sleep acts result in
to estimate the EU28.
e categories.
onomic performae to noise-relatts of noise on wat reason it is n
torways in leads
se from
in the EU28
ories based o
ays in the EU2
ntensity or CE Delft et
oise8: bances
nvenience),
gnificant eart
n both
the
ance of ted sleep
wildlife) not possible
ength
on
28 (in
22
July 2016
Table 10
2.6.3
Table 11
4.I11 – Infra moto
EstimatiBased onStates arinformatiboth in arail netwpeople exused for roads foris scaled major roa
0 Number of
Road type
Major roa
Motorway
EstimatiBy multipand the ntransportand Ricarcost per by HEATCA.5.1.
AllocaticategoriIn a finalvarious vHGVs) badiffer in specific fpresente
Results Table 11 the EU28
1 Total noise
Vehicle c
HGVs
Vans
9 No EU-
these of tran
structure and eorways
ing the num the EU Dire
re required tion on the n
agglomeratiowork, airportsxposed to nothis study (s
r which the n down basedads. The res
f people expose
e 55-59
dB(A
ds 10.8
ys 9.7
ing the totaplying the tonoise cost pet on motorwardo-AEA (201person affecCO (2006). M
ng the totaies step, the to
vehicle categased on the vnoise characfactor. In oud in Annex A
shows that t
8 in 2013 is €
e costs of HGVs
category
-wide data on pnoise levels peonsport noise are
external cost c
mber of noective on Envto develop stumber of pe
ons and from s). From theoise levels absee Table 10noise data is d on the sharsulting figure
ed (in millions)
9
A)
60-64
dB(A)
8 6.7
7 4.9
al noise cootal number er person affays in the EU14) provide acted. Both stMore informa
al external
otal noise cogories (i.e. pvehicle kilomcteristics, thr analyses, w
A.5.2.
the total noi€ 0.6 and € 0
s and vans on m
people exposed ople are still dise underestimate
coverage of roa
ise affectevironmental trategic noiseeople affecte major traffi
e noise maps,bove 55 Lden ). As motorw reported, thre of motorwes can be fou
) to noise from
4
)
65-69
dB(A)
7 4.2
9 3.5
sts of people exfected, the tU28 can be ean extensivetudies recomation on thes
noise costs
osts from moassenger car
metres on mohe vehicle kilwe have mad
ise costs of H.3 billion, re
motorways in th
to noise levels sturbed by traffed in this study
ad freight trans
d people Noise (EC, 2e maps. The
ed by road, ric infrastruct, data on the dB(A)9 due tways are onlyhe total num
ways in the tound in Table
major roads an
70-74
dB(A)
2.0
1.3
xposed to nototal noise coestimated. C overview of
mmend to usee shadow pr
s to the va
torways are rs, motorcycotorways. Aslometres shode use of the
HGVs and vaespectively.
he EU28 in 201
below 55 dB(A)fic noise. There.
sport on EU28
2002), all EU ese maps prorail and aviatture networe total numbto major roay a part of th
mber of peopotal length o 10 as well.
nd motorways
≥75
dB(A)
0.5
0.4
oise from moosts from ro
CE Delft et alf studies on e the figuresrices is given
rious vehic
allocated tocles, buses, vs the vehicleould be weige weighting f
ns on motorw
13 (billion €201
Total
) is available, aefore, the anno
Member ovide tion noise, ks (roads, ber of ads are he major ple exposed of the
in the EU28
Total
24.2
19.7
torways ad l. (2008) the noise s provided n in Annex
cle
o the vans and types hted by a factors
ways in
13)
noise costs
0.6
0.3
although at yance costs
23
July 2016
2.7
2.7.1
2.7.2
4.I11 – Infra moto
Congest
DefiningCongestioroad capall levelslower spe Costs relatime. Addin this st Congestioaffected congestiois often dtotal cosare just athe congeof other congestioeconomiccosts canconsistenpresentetransport
MethodoAs showncongestio estim estim alloca
10 From t
defineroad c
structure and eorways
tion costs
g congestioon arises froacity. It incrs of demand.eeds even be
ated to congditional costudy) and ext
on differs fro by it are laron costs are debated to wt perspectivea sub-segmeestion costs vehicle cateon costs are cally sub-optn be considernt congestiond separatelyt (in line wit
ology n in Figure 10on costs of H
mating total hmating total cation of tota
the marginal coed from the indiauses additiona
external cost c
on costs om the mutuareases with t. Users may eefore full ca
gestion maint elements atra vehicle o
om other extrgely identic mainly bornwhat extent e10. Howevent of total ro are borne byegories, e.g. (partly) borntimal outcomred externaln indicators y and not be th CE Delft e
0, a three stHGVs and vanhours of delacongestion cal congestion
ost perspective,ividual user peral delays for the
coverage of roa
al impacts otraffic load, experience mpacity limits
ly consist ofre more unre
operation and
ternal costs al to those ce by the tracongestion cr, it should boad transpory themselves passenger cne by the semes. As it is l from a totaare not avai added up int al., 2011).
ep approachns on EU28 may; costs; n costs to the
congestion cosrspective. An ine (individual) ro
ad freight trans
f road users but is to sommutual distus of roads are
the costs ofeliable traved fuel costs.
of transportcausing it. Innsport sectocosts are reabe considerert, and hences (the other ars). Furtherctor itself, itunclear to wl cost perspelable, these
n terms of to
h is used to emotorways:
e various veh
sts are externaldividual road usoad users.
sport on EU28
competing fme extent prurbances resue reached.
f additional tel times (not
t as the peopn other wordor itself. Theally external ed that HGVse that only a part is bornrmore, althot still results
what extent cective and a costs will be
otal external
estimate the
hicle catego
l, since marginaser entering a (
for limited resent at ulting in
travel t covered
ple s, the
erefore, it from a s and vans a part of e by users
ough s in congestion s EU-wide e costs of
ries.
al cost are (congested)
24
July 2016
Figure 1
4.I11 – Infra moto
0 Methodolog
EstimatiConsistenavailableon extenscope of CE Delft runs by tliteraturethe reporhours on estimateThe uppewhile the
EstimatiTo estimacosts. Thvalue of pay of petime (e.grevealed transportvalue of 2013 valu To estimathe sametransferr
Esti
mat
ing
tota
lde
lay
Esti
mat
ing
tota
lco
nges
tion
cost
sAlloc
atio
nof
tot
alco
nges
tion
cost
s
structure and eorways
gy for estimati
ing total hont EU-wide de. The estimasive modelli this study, w(2011). In thhe TRANS-TOe on road cort of that pro motorways id number ofer-bound of te lower-boun
ing total coate the tota
his was done travel time. eople/compag. one hour). preference t, trip purpotime indicatues by using
ate the addie cost indicatred to 2013 v
Total hou- Break
Total con
Cost indi- Value of- Vehicle
costs
Allocatioon PCE-w
Total conEU28 (in
external cost c
ng congestion
ours of deladatabases onation of the ng exerciseswe make usehat study, thOOLS model,
ongestion cosoject) are anin the EU28.f hours delaythe bandwidnd is based o
ongestion cl congestion by multiplyi Value of traanies to redu. These indic studies, and
oses, trip disttors as CE De PPP-adjuste
itional vehictors as in CEvalues by usi
urs of delay down to passe
ngestion cost
icatorsf time (€ / hou operating and
on of total coweighted veh
ngestion cost mln €)
coverage of roa
costs
ay n congestion total hours os by a transpe of the resuhe hours of d, supplemensts. Detailednalysed to es. To reflect ty, a bandwiddth is fully baon the result
costs costs, we fiing the totalavel time induce their tracators are esd do vary bettance, etc. Ielft et al. (20ed GDP per c
le operatingE Delft et al. ng PPP-adju
on motorwaenger (i.e. car)
ts on motorw
ur)d fuel
ongestion cohicle kilome
ts of HGVs a
ad freight trans
indicators aof delay shouort model. Alts of model elay were ested by result model resulstimate the the large uncth is appliedased on the Ts of the liter
rst have esti number of h
dicators reflevel time by a
stimated in stween passenn this study 011), which wcapita values
and fuel cos (2011) werested GDP pe
ays in the EU) and freight (i
ways in the E
osts to vehictres
and vans on m
sport on EU28
re not publiculd thereforAs this is out exercises dostimated basts from a revlts (not pres total numbecertainty in d for this indTRANS-TOOLrature study
imated the thours delayeect the willina specific amstated prefernger and fre we use the swe have trans.
sts due to coe used (againer capita valu
28i.e. HGV) trans
EU28
le categorie
motorways in
cly e be based of the one in sed on view of ented in
er of delay the
dicator. LS results, .
total delay ed by the ngness to mount of rence or
eight same nsferred to
ongestion, n ues).
sport
s based
n the
25
July 2016
Table 12
2.7.3
Table 13
2.8
2.8.1
4.I11 – Infra moto
AllocatioThe contdepends Passengeare used categorie
2 Passenger
Vehicle k
Passenger
Motorcycl
Bus
Van
HGV
Results Table 13 motorwavans thescongestiodelayed hof conges
3 Total conge
Vehicle c
HGVs
Vans
Costs of
DefiningRoad tranindirectlyGHG andproductioexternal costs. AcemissionsHoweversector (eemissionsterms of
11 In add
emissiroad inhave aare noextern
structure and eorways
on of total ribution of t on their useer Car Equiva to allocate tes. The PCEs
car equivalent
kilometre
r car
le
presents theys in 2013. Fse costs are €on cost estimhours, whichstion indicat
estion costs of
category
f upstream
g the costs nsport does y. The most air pollutanon and trans costs, i.e. according to as may be inc, as these ef
e.g. the sectos), we prese total extern
ition to fuel proons of road trannfrastructure leanother dimensiot directly relatenal costs related
external cost c
congestionthe various ve of the scarcalent (PCE) wthe total con
s used are sh
ts
e total congeFor HGVs the€ 1.6 to € 3.
mates reflecth is mainly cators.
f vans and HGVs
emissions
of upstreanot only dire important innt emissions sport of fuelsair pollution ca life cycle vicluded in theffects are onor itself does
ent these cosnal costs of t
oduction, therensport. The proead to emissionsion compared toed to the actuad to these up/d
coverage of roa
n costs to tvehicle categce motorwayweighted vehngestion cos
hown in Table
estion costs ese costs are.9 billion. Thts the uncertaused by the
s on motorway
am emissionectly cause nndirect effecdue to the es11. These wecosts (healthiew, the nege total externly indirectlys not have thsts separatelytransport.
e are other souroduction, maints (and external o the other ext
al use of road vedownstream pro
ad freight trans
the variousgories to the y capacity. Thicle kilometts to the vare 12.
of HGVs ande € 2.0 to € 6he rather largtainty in thee lack of an E
s in the EU28 i
ns negative effect of road traextraction ofell-to-tank (Wh effects, etcgative effectnal costs of y related to the opportuniy and they a
rces of upstreamenance and disp costs) too. Howernal cost categehicles. Therefocesses into acco
sport on EU28
s vehicle ca total conge
This is reflectres. Thereforious vehicle
Passenger Car
d vans on EU26.8 billion, wge range in t
e estimated nEU-wide con
in 2013 (billion
Total conge
ects, but alsansport incluf raw materiaWTT) emissic.) and clim
ts of these uproad transpothe road tranity to mitiga
are not adde
m (and downstrposal of road vewever, these exgories, becauseore, we will not
count.
ategories stion costs ted by ore, these e
Equivalent
1
0.5
2
1.2
3
28 while for the number of nsistent set
n €2013)
estion costs
2.0–6.8
1.6–3.9
o udes the als and the on lead to ate change pstream ort. nsport
ate these d up in
eam) ehicles and xternal costs e these costs t take the
26
July 2016
2.8.2
Figure 1
Table 14
4.I11 – Infra moto
MethodoTo estimaapproach estim estim
1 Methodolog
EstimatiBased onpresents the EU28GHG emi the e the to
moto To estimamotorwaemission upstream
4 Total upstre
Vehicle c
HGVs
Vans
Esti
mat
ing
tota
lup
stre
am e
mis
soin
s.
Esti
mat
ing
tota
lcos
tof
up
stre
am e
mis
sion
s
structure and eorways
ology ate the exteh as for air pmating total umating total c
gy to estimate
ing total up data report an overview8. By the samssions:
energy use byotal amount
orways is esti
ate the totays in the EU2 factors for d
m emissions a
eam emissions f
category
EU28 totand heavTJ)
Total upsmotorwa
Total cosmotorwa
Shadow- PM2.5, N- CO2 equ
Data proc- Breakdo
HGVs- Breakdo
type
Total eneHGVs on
external cost c
ernal costs ofpollution andupstream emcosts of upst
the external c
pstream emted by the EUw of total eneme approache
y heavy dutyt of energy uimated.
l upstream e28, the totadiesel and peare shown in
from fuels used
PM2.5 (kton)
0.3
1.4
tal energy usvy duty vehic
stream emisays in the EU
st of upstreaays in the EU
prices (€/toNOx, SO2uivalents
essing to: own emissions
own emissions
ergy use by v EU28 motor
coverage of roa
f upstream e climate cha
missions; tream emissi
costs of upstrea
missions U Member Stergy use by hes as applied
y vehicles is sed by HGVs
emissions frol energy use etrol (vans) Table 14.
d by HGVs and
NOx (kt
4
se by vanscles (in
sions from fU28
am emissionsU28
n)
buses and
to road
vans andrways (TJ)
ad freight trans
emissions, a ange is applie
ions.
am emissions
tates to the Uheavy duty vd for air poll
split betwees and vans fo
om fuels used is multiplied(CE Delft, 20
vans on motor
ton) SO2
3.0
1.1
uels used by
s from vans a
Emission femissions
sport on EU28
similar two-ed (see Figu
UNFCCC, thevehicles and lutant and
en buses andor kilometres
d by HGVs and by relevan016). The re
rways in the EU
2 (kton)
8.7
3.3
y vans and H
and HGVs on
factors of up(g/Joule en
step re 11):
e EEA vans in
d HGVs; s driven on
nd vans on nt WTT sulting
U28 in 2013
CO2 (Mton)
2.2
0.8
GVs on
n
pstream nergy)
27
July 2016
2.8.3
Table 15
2.9
Figure 1
4.I11 – Infra moto
EstimatiTo estimaas the onGHG emifor PM emused (froemissionswell.
Results The totalmotorwa€ 0.6 to €CO2 price
5 Total costsin 2013 (bi
Vehicle c
HGVs
Vans
Conclus
The totalare abouresponsibclimate c€ 2 to € 7€ 4.5 bill
2 Total exteron motorw
structure and eorways
ing total coate the tota
nes used to essions are apmissions, a som NEEDS, 20s were mone
l external coys in the EU2€ 1.9 billion.e, reflecting
s of upstream eillion €2013)
category
ions
l external ant € 27 billionble for 53% ochange and a7 billion, whion.
rnal and infrastways in the EU2
14.2
external cost c
osts of upstl costs of up
estimate thepplied (see Sshadow price008) instead etarised by u
osts from ups28 range fro. The bandw the use of d
emissions from
nd infrastrucn (€ 22.5 to €of these costair pollutionile the costs
tructure costs 28 in 2013 (bill
€ 27 billio
coverage of roa
tream emispstream emis external coSection 2.4 ae for emissio of a transpo
using a shado
stream emissom € 1.5 to €width results different valu
fuels used by
cture costs of€ 31.5 billionts. The main . The congess of upstream
(excluding conion €2013)
2.7
4
5.3
0.6
on
ad freight trans
ssions ssions, the sasts of air pol
and 2.5). Thens from induort-specific sow price from
sions of fuel€ 4.5 billion. from the uncues for the C
HGVs and vans
Total cos
f HGVs on EUn). Infrastruc external cosstion costs ofm emissions e
ngestion and up
4.3
3
sport on EU28
ame shadow llution and ere is one exustrial processhadow pricem NEEDS (20
ls used by HG For vans, thcertainty in CO2 price.
s on motorways
sts of upstream
3
1
U28 motorwacture costs ast categoriesf HGVs are aequal € 1.5 t
pstream emissi
Accidents
Air polluta
Climate c
Noise
Infrastruct
prices
xception: sses is e. The SO2 008) as
GVs on his range is the
s in the EU28
m emissions
.0 (1.5–4.5)
.3 (0.6–1.9)
ays in 2013 are s are about to
ons) of HGVs
ants
hange
ture costs
28
July 2016
Figure 1
4.I11 – Infra moto
The totalemissions(€ 8 - € 1(about 48vans are costs of u
3 Total exteron motorw
structure and eorways
l infrastructus) of vans on2 billion). T8%), followed responsible upstream em
rnal and infrastways in the EU2
4.9
external cost c
ure and exten the EU28 mhe main pard by the clim for congesti
missions of €
tructure costs 28 in 2013 (bill
0.3
€ 10 billio
coverage of roa
ernal costs (emotorways int of these co
mate changeon costs of a 0.6 to € 1.9
(excluding conion €2013)
1.4
1
2.5
on
ad freight trans
excluding co 2013 are ab
osts are the i costs. In adabout € 1.6 t billion.
ngestion and up
1.2
sport on EU28
ongestion andbout € 10.2 binfrastructur
ddition to theto € 4 billion
pstream emissi
Accidents
Air polluta
Climate c
Noise
Infrastruc
d upstream billion re costs ese costs, n, and
ons) of vans
ants
hange
ture costs
29
July 2016
3 3.1
4.I11 – Infra moto
Rev
Introduc
Various tIn this st vehic infras
charg fuel t In this chthey are 2013. In 2 (see te ResearcWhat is driven b This quea Whab Wha
the Ec Wha
the Ed Wha
infra The Euroshould betransportearmark research what ext Earmarkerevenue mitigate revenues The methrevenuesthe follow
structure and eorways
enue
ction
taxes and chaudy we conscle taxes: regstructure chages; taxes: fuel e
hapter, we e related to kthis way, wext box below
ch question 2 the amountby road freig
estion consist are the relt is the totalEU28 in 2013t share of thEU28 motorwt share of th
astructure or
ovignette Diree used to bet system. Ho tax/charge question 2, ent their rev
ed taxes in tmust be spe the externas are therefo
hodology ands are describwing section
external cost c
from
arges for roasider the follgistration taarges: distan
excise duty a
estimate the kilometres dre address thew).
2 t of road taxght transpor
sts of four sulevant taxes/l revenue fro3? he total reveways in 2013he revenue isr to mitigate
ective recomnefit the tra
owever, therrevenue. By we identify venues are e
this study arent by law tol costs (e.g.
ore not added
d sources useed in Annex
ns.
coverage of roa
m taxe
ad freight traowing categx, ownershipnce-based (t
and EU ETS re
amount of rriven by HGVe first three
x/charge revt on EU28 m
ub questions:/charges appom these tax
enue can be a? s earmarked
e the externa
mmends thatansport sectoe is no oblig addressing t for each of earmarked.
e defined as investments CO2, road sad to the gen
ed to estima B. The resul
ad freight trans
es and
ansport are aories: p tax, insuraolls) and tim
evenue.
evenue fromVs and vans o sub question
enue relatedotorways in
: plied in the Exes/charges
allocated to
for spendingal costs of tra
t the revenueor and optimation on Memthe fourth suthe tax/char
taxes for whs in road infrafety) of roaeral budget.
ate the sharelts of the an
sport on EU28
d char
applied in Eu
ance tax; me-based (vig
m these taxeson EU28 motns of researc
d to the kilo 2013?
EU28? for HGVs an
kilometres d
g on road ansport?
e from road mise the entirmber States ub question orge categori
hich (a sharerastructure a
ad transport..
e of earmarkalysis are pr
rges
urope.
gnettes)
s, as far as torways in ch question
ometres
d vans in
driven on
charges re to of es, to
e of) the and/or to These
ked resented in
30
July 2016
3.2
3.2.1
Figure 1
4.I11 – Infra moto
Vehicle
Vehicle Three typownershi(re)entercountriesexemptio2012). Wregistratiare levieabove 12minimumthese taxconfigura
4 Vehicle tax
A) HGVs
Note: In T
priv Finally, ipremiumEE, HU, Lconsidere
12 It can
As insuTherefrelativup on costs. revenu
13 Croatiaowner
structure and eorways
taxes
taxes in thpes of vehiclp tax and inring into the s do levy a reons or reduct
Weight and enion taxes. Ind on HGVs a
2 tonnes, them rates) for axes are vehication and sus
xes in the EU28
The Netherland
vate vans in the
nsurance taxs paid for inLV, LT, and Ped as revenu
be argued wheturance taxes arefore, insurance ve prices on thethe insurance p Given this closeue from insuran
a joined the EUship tax for HGV
external cost c
he EU28 le taxes are
nsurance tax1
fleet. As shegistration ttions to zerongine size arn contrast to nd vans in n
e Eurovignettan annual vecle weight, ospension typ
8 in 2013
s private vans a
e Netherlands is
xes are leviensurances (noPL). Next to ue in this stu
ther insurance e applied on al taxes can be co
e transport markpremiums and he relationship o
nce taxes into a
U mid-2013. As FVs is indicated
coverage of roa
applied in th12. The registown in Figur
tax on HGVs o apply in somre used most registrationearly all coute Directive hicle tax13. T
often combinpe.
B) Van
are charged a re
s negligible, and
ed in almost o mentioning insurance ta
udy (as they i
taxes should bel insurance premonsidered a genket. However, i
hence as a direcof insurance taxccount in this s
Figure 14 shows for Croatia.
ad freight trans
he EU28: regtration tax isre 14, only a and vans, anme of them often as par taxes, perio
untries. For heven sets coThe most apned with the
ns
egistration tax.
d so is the reve
all EU Membg of insurancaxes, insuraninternalise p
e considered a smiums, it affectneral tax (like Vinsurance taxesct internalisatioxes with accidentudy.
s the situation b
sport on EU28
gistration taxs charged on minority of nd even then (CE Delft et rameters forodic ownershheavy goods ommon rulespplied parame vehicle’s ax
However, the
enue from this t
ber States once taxes founnce premiumpart of the ac
specific transpocts all economicVAT), which does can also be seon measure of ant costs, we tak
by the beginnin
x, n vehicles the EU28 n al., r hip taxes vehicles s (including eter for xle
number of
tax.
n the nd for CZ, ms are ccident
ort tax. c sectors. es not affect en as a mark-ccident ke the
g of 2013, no
31
July 2016
3.2.2
Figure 1
4.I11 – Infra moto
costs). Inthe accidconsider
MethodoAs showntax reven estim alloca
5 Methodolog
EstimatiThe totalbeen maiMinistriesby data fon total rFor insurEurope (2al. (2012the total
AllocatioTo estimakilometreFirst, the
Esti
mat
ing
tota
lve
hicl
e ta
xre
venu
eAlloc
atio
nof
tot
alre
venu
e.
structure and eorways
nsurance predent costs wi the insuranc
ology n in Figure 15nue. This app
mating total vation of tota
gy to estimate
ing total vel revenue of inly gathereds of Finance from Eurostarevenues (foance taxes, 2015), while). By multip insurance ta
on of total ate the totaes driven on e total reven
Total rev- Registra- Ownersh- Insuranc
Total rev
Allocatio- Registra
per vehi- Ownersh
rate per- Insuranc
premium
RegistratioShare of vkin total nuvans and H
Total revkilometre
external cost c
emiums are cith the premce taxes.
5, a top-dowproach consivehicle tax ral revenue.
the vehicle ta
ehicle tax r registrationd from natio and/or tran
at, the OECDor all vehicle the total pre
e the tax ratelying the totax revenue w
revenue l revenue of motorways,
nues were all
enue of roadation taxeship taxesce taxes
venue of vehi
on of total reation tax: baseicle categoryhip tax: basedr vehicle categce tax: based om (vehicle kilo
on/ownership tkms on motorw
umber of vkmsHGVs
enue of vehies driven on
coverage of roa
considered inmiums paid. I
wn approach ists of two strevenue;
x revenues
revenue n and ownersonal accountsnsport, car de and the ACE
e categories temiums paides were basetal motor inswas estimate
f vehicle taxe two additiolocated to th
d vehicle tax
icle taxes fro
venue to vard on new vehic
on total numbgoryon MTPL premimetres and pu
tax: waysby
icle taxes fro motorways i
ad freight trans
n Section 2.3n this chapte
is applied toteps:
ship taxes in s (national sealer associaEA. For mosttogether) wad were takened on ACEA (surance premed.
es from HGVonal steps hahe various ve
Insuraccidtotaby v
xes in the EU2
om vans and
rious vehiclecles sold weigh
ber of vehicles
um (number ofrchase price o
om vans andin the EU28 i
sport on EU28
3, as we haveer we theref
o estimate th
the EU28 instatistical agations), suppt countries, oas available.n from Insura(2014) and Cmiums by the
Vs and vans rave been appehicle catego
rance tax: Shadents on motol number of acans and HGVs
28 in 2013
HGVs in the
e categorieshted by averag
weighted by a
f accidents) / f vehicle)
HGVs relatein 2013
e lowered fore only
he vehicle
2013 has encies,
plemented only data
ance E Delft et e tax rates,
related to plied. ories.
re of rways in
ccidents
EU28
e tax rate
verage tax
damage
ed to
32
July 2016
3.2.3
Table 16
4.I11 – Infra moto
For registvehicle cFor ownenumber ototal numbetween and fromwas baseThe revebased on In a secotypes. Fonumber orevenue wmotorwa
Results As shownassociate€ 1.2 billownershiinsuranceparticula
6 Total revenmotorways
Vehicle c
HGVs
Vans
EarmarkAcross thFigure 16Fund) an(Axle taxroad fundLuxemboearmarkeIreland) o(Belgiumtotal reve
14 Liabilit
the EU
15 Own dglass p
structure and eorways
tration taxescategory, weership taxes of vehicles inmber of vehic revenue fro
m taxes on daed on the numnue of taxes the vehicle
nd step, theor registratioof vehicle kilwas allocateys compared
n in Table 16ed to kilometion, respectp taxes (alme taxes (abouarly for HGVs
nue of vehicle s in the EU28 in
category T
ked vehiclehe EU28, the 6). Exceptiond ownership
x intended tod), Lithuaniaourg Climate ed, for Motoor specific fu, Italy, Portuenue from ve
ty for injury anU28 countries.
amage to the vparts, vandalism
external cost c
s this was doeighted by ththe same apn the fleet wcles sold. Fo
om taxes on mamage15 premmber of accis on damage kilometres w
e revenue foron and ownelometres dried based on d to all roads
6, the total rtres driven otively. The mmost 70% for ut 30%). Thes.
taxes from HGn 2013 (billion
Total vehicle
taxes
1.27
1.21
e taxes revenue frons are the rep taxes in Czeo offset the ma (Road Main and Energy r Insurer’s fuunds or serviugal). Figureehicle taxes
d damage susta
vehicle (i.e. damm, natural force
coverage of roa
one based onhe average tapproach was was used to aor insurance motor third-miums. The aidents with t premiums, oweighted by
r HGVs and vrship tax revven on thesethe share ofs.
evenue of veon motorwaymain part of t HGVs and abe revenue fro
GVs and vans as €2013)
Registratio
tax
0.
0.
om vehicle taegistration taech Republicmaintenance
ntenance and Fund). Insurunds (Cyprusices concerne 16 shows th.
ained by others
mage caused dires and theft. Th
ad freight trans
n the numbeax rates for tapplied, but
allocate the taxes, we mparty liabilitallocation ofthe vehicle ton the other purchase pr
vans was allovenue, this we road types accidents by
ehicle taxes ys in the EU2these revenubout 60% for om registrati
sociated to kilo
on
es
Own
01
17
axes is rarelyax in Romanic (infrastructe costs of road Developmerance taxes as, Greece, Roing road acc
he share of e
. This type of in
rectly by the inis type of insur
sport on EU28
r of vehiclesthese vehiclet then the to revenue inst
made a distinty14 (MTPL) pf the former type involvedr hand, wererices (AEA, 2
ocated to vawas based on. Insurance t
by HGVs/vans
from HGVs a28 in 2013 is ues is comingr HGVs), folloion taxes is l
ometres driven
nership
taxes
0.82
0.69
y earmarkedia (Environmture generalads), Latvia
ent Programmare sometimomania, Spacident victimearmarked re
nsurance is com
nsured driver), drance is often o
s sold per es.
otal tead of ction premiums category d. e allocated 2012).
rious road n the tax s on
and vans € 1.3 and g from owed by limited,
n on
Insurance
taxes
0.44
0.35
(see ental ly), France (Traffic me), and es in,
ms evenue in
mpulsory in
damage to ptional.
33
July 2016
Figure 1
3.3
3.3.1
Figure 1
4.I11 – Infra moto
6 Share of ea
Infrastru
InfrastruIn generadistance-infrastrucare appliGermanywell (seecountriestime-basvehicle wDenmark
7 Infrastruct
A) HGVs
Note 1: Th
pla
Note 2: Loc
HGV
structure and eorways
armarked reve
ucture cha
ucture chaal, two types-based (tollscture chargeed for HGVs
y and Austriae Figure 17). s for HGVs aned infrastruc
weight over 1k, Luxembour
ure charges in
is figure shows
ace. For examp
cal charging sch
18%
V Total HG
external cost c
enue in total re
arges
arges in thes of infrastru) and time-b
es, either ele in thirteen
a), while in n Time-basednd in six coucture charge12 tonnes. Inrg, the Neth
the EU28 in 20
the situation in
le, in 2014, the
hemes (e.g. the
82%
GV Earmarked
coverage of roa
evenue from ve
e EU28 ucture chargbased (vignetectronic tollsEU countries
nine countrie infrastructu
untries for vae is the Eurovn 2013, this serlands and
013
B) Van
n 2013. In the p
e UK introduced
e M6 in the UK)
V
ad freight trans
ehicle taxes
es are appliettes) chargess or tolls wits in 2013 (e.ges these scheure charges aans. The primvignette for scheme was Sweden.
ns
period 2013-201
d a vignette for
are not shown.
6%
Van Total V
sport on EU28
ed in the EUs. Distance-bth physical bg. the MAUT
emes covereare applied ime example HGVs with a applied in B
6, some change
HGVs.
.
94%
Van Earmarked
28: based
barriers, T in d vans as in nine of a a gross Belgium,
es have taken
34
July 2016
3.3.2
Figure 1
4.I11 – Infra moto
MethodoTo estimaconsistin estim alloca
8 Methodolog
EstimatiThe totalnational authoritithe OECDtotal chacategorieinfrastruc
AllocatioThe totalto the vadriven bythe averainfrastructhese chacategory vehicles.
16 In som
well. Tcharge
Esti
mat
ing
tota
lin
fra
char
ge r
even
ueAlloc
atio
nof
tot
alre
venu
e.
structure and eorways
ology ate the infrag of two step
mating total iation of tota
gy to estimate
ing total inl revenue of sources (nates, road cha
D environmenarge revenuees is often mcture charge
on of total l revenue of
arious vehicley the variousage charge rcture chargearges is alloc in the dome
me countries infrTherefore, we pes on motorway
Total rev- Distance- Time ba
Total revEU28 in 2
Allocatio- Distance
charge r- Time ba
average
external cost c
astructure chps is appliedinfrastructural revenue.
the total reve
nfrastructur infrastructutional statistarging schemntal tax data
es is availablemissing. Furthes are applie
revenue distance-bae categories s vehicle typrates applicaes a slightly dcated based estic fleet, w
rastructure chaprobably slightlyys.
enue of roade based chargeased charges
venue of infra2013
on of total ree based chargerate per vehiclased charges: be charge rate p
coverage of roa
harge revenud: re charge rev
nue from infra
re charge rure charge retical agencie
me operators)abase. For me; a breakdohermore, weed on motorw
ased infrastru based on thes on the to
able for thesedifferent app on the totalweighted by
arges are appliey overestimate
d infrastructues
astructure ch
venue to vares: based on mle categorybased on totaler vehicle cate
ad freight trans
ue, a top-dow
venue;
structure char
revenue evenue has bs, Ministries ), the ASECA
most countrieown to the vae have assumways only16.
ucture charge number oflled motorwe vehicles. Fproach is app number of vthe average
d on a small pa the total reven
ure charges i
harges from
rious vehicleotorway vkms
number of vehegory
sport on EU28
wn approach
rges
been collecte of transport
AP country rees only data arious vehicl
med that all
ges has been f vehicle kilo
ways, weighteFor time-baseplied: the revehicles per charge rate
art of the trunk nue from infrast
in the EU28 i
vans and HG
e categoriesweighted by a
hicles weighted
h
ed from t, road eports and on the le
allocated ometres ed by ed evenue of vehicle for these
roads as tructure
in 2013
GVs in the
verage
d by
35
July 2016
3.3.3
Table 17
Figure 1
4.I11 – Infra moto
Results The totalfor HGVs of these applied o(in €/yea
7 Total reven
Vehicle c
HGVs
Vans
EarmarkRegardinit comes Eurovigneis added usually aroad chainvestmesome couwhich is excluded As showncharges iis not eartotal reveinfrastrucrevenue
9 Share of ea
17 In the
toll sch
HG
structure and eorways
l EU28 reven and € 2.5 birevenues is c
on a larger scar) are highe
nue of infrastru
category
ked infrastrg infrastruct to the use oette countrie to the generssigned to trrging in plac
ents. Toll revuntries (e.g. not earmark
d from the re
n in Figure 19n the EU28 irmarked in aenue. Furthecture chargein total reve
armarked reve
UK and the Nethemes is not ea
5
95%
GV Total H
external cost c
nue of infrastillion for vancoming fromcale in the E
er than the ti
ucture charges
Total infrastr
c
ructure chature chargesof revenues fes17, the vignral budget. Iransport invece have electvenue is ofte Italy) a fee
ked. VAT on evenue.
9, the main is earmarkedany of the EUermore, the es is earmarkenue from in
enue in total re
therlands, two armarked as we
5%
HGV Earmarke
coverage of roa
tructure chans (see Table
m distance baEU28. Furtheime-based ch
s from HGVs an
ucture
harges
12.3
2.5
arges , there seemfrom road chnette is trean other counestments. Thted to earmaen fully earm to the stateroad tolls (a
part of the rd. The revenU countries) main share ked. Figure 1frastructure
evenue from inf
of the Eurovignell.
ed
ad freight trans
arges in 2013e 17). The mased chargesrmore, theirharge rates.
nd vans in the E
Distance base
charge
11.
2.
m to be two bharging (AEA,ated as any ontries revenuhe majority oark revenue
marked (Ricar governmentlso not earm
revenue fromue from the is only smalof the reven19 shows the charges.
frastructure ch
ette countries,
97
Van Total
sport on EU28
3 is about € 1major part (abs. These charr average rat
EU28 in 2013 (
ed
es
T
.7
.3
broad camps, 2014). In thother tax andue from vignof Member S for transporrdo-AEA, 201t needs to be
marked) have
m infrastructe Eurovignettl compared t
nue from othe share of ea
harges
the revenue fr
3%
7%
Van Earm
12.3 billion bout 95%) rges are tes
billion €2013)
Time based
charges
0.7
0.2
s when he d revenue nettes is States with rt-related 14). In e paid, e been
ture te (which to er
armarked
rom (local)
arked
36
July 2016
3.4
3.4.1
Figure 2
3.4.2
4.I11 – Infra moto
Fuel tax
Fuel excAll EU Me2013 tax excise du2003/96/Sweden. Slovenia for HGVsrevenue
0 Diesel exci
The CO2 EU Emissby the resector (bindirectlyin scenar
MethodoA bottomduty for (see Figu estim alloca
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Die
sel e
xcis
e du
ty (
€201
3 /
1000
lit
re)
structure and eorways
xes
cise duties ember States levels for diuty rates are/EC. The hig In some EU and Spain) a. These schein the next s
ise duty rates i
upstream emion Trading
efineries are by a mark-upy borne by thrios which in
ology m-up approacHGVs and va
ure 21): mating total fation of tota
AT BE BG CZ DK
external cost c
in the EU2s levy exciseiesel is given
e equal to or hest diesel ecountries (i.
a refund scheemes are taksub-section.
in the EU28 in
missions thatScheme. The assumed to
p on the fuel he road tranclude the ex
ch is appliedans in the EU
fuel excise dal revenue.
K DE EE FI FR G
Actual ta
coverage of roa
28 e duties on trn in Figure 20 above the mexcise duty r.e. Belgium, eme for (parken into acco
2013
t are releasee costs of th be passed th prices). The
nsport sectorxternal costs
to estimateU28. This app
duty revenue
R HR HU IE IT L
ax rate M
ad freight trans
ransport fue0. In all EU cminimum levrates are fou France, Hunrt of the) dieount in estim
d by refinerie emission ahrough to therefore, the r and hence ss of upstream
e the revenueproach consis
e;
LV LT LU MT NL
Minimum tax rate
sport on EU28
ls. An overvicountries thevel set in Direund in the UKngary, Irelanesel excise dmating the to
ies are coveallowances phe road trans EU ETS costsshould be co
m emissions.
e from the fsts of two m
PO PT RO SK SI
e
iew of the e diesel ective K, Italy and d, Italy, uty exist
otal
red by the purchased sport s are onsidered
uel excise main steps
ES SE UK
37
July 2016
Figure 2
4.I11 – Infra moto
1 Methodolog
EstimatiThe totaltransportmultiplieStates in revenue.
AllocatioTo estimaby HGVs out. Firstbased on2.8 for thSecond, tkilometrevehicle k
EU ETS To estimaby refinewas estimstep, a pthe reven
Esti
mat
ing
tota
lfue
lexc
ise
duty
reve
nue
Allo
cati
onof
tot
alre
venu
e.
structure and eorways
gy to estimate
ing total ful EU28 fuel et fuels sold ied with the f 2013 (from
on of total ate the fuel and vans on t, the total r the total enhe approach the share of es on motorwkilometres an
revenue ate the EU E
eries, first thmated (e.g. erice of € 4.4nue (CE Delf
Total volutransportMember s- Petrol, di
Total reve- From pet
Total reveEU28
Allocation- Based on
transpor
Share of fumotorwaysuse by vans
Total excion motorw
external cost c
the total fuel
uel excise dexcise duty rn the EU28 i
fuel excise d the DG Taxu
revenue excise duty EU28 motorrevenue was nergy consum followed to fuels (and hways was estnd motorway
ETS costs relahe share of themissions fro
46 per EU allft, 2016).
umes of road fuels sold instatesiesel, LPG
enue of fuelrol, diesel and
enue of fuel
n of total revn share vehiclert
uel use on s in total fuels and HGVs
ise duty reveways by vans
coverage of roa
excise duty rev
duty revenurevenue is bain 2013 (fromuty rates apud Excise Dut
revenue frorways two ad allocated tomption of the estimate th
hence fuel extimated, basy specific en
ated to the Chese emissioom transportowance of 1
n EU28
excise duty iLPG
excise duty f
venue to varie categories in t
enue from fues and HGVs in
ad freight trans
venue
ue ased on the tm Eurostat). plied in the ty tables) to
m fuels useddditional stepo the variousese vehicles e energy conxcise duty resed on the nuergy consum
CO2 upstreamons in total Ct of fuels are ton CO2 was
in the EU28
from vans an
ious vehicle ctotal engery co
Fuel exciseapplied in M2013- Petrol, diese
els used for kn the EU28 in
sport on EU28
total volume These volum various EU Mo estimate th
d for kilometps have beens vehicle cat in 2013 (seensumption). evenue) usedumber of mo
mption factor
m emissions CO2 upstreame excluded).s taken to ca
d HGVs in th
categoriesonsumption by
duty ratesMember State
el, LPG
kilometres drn 2013
es of road mes are Member he total
tres driven n carried tegories e Section d for otorway rs.
released m emissions In a next
alculate
he
road
es in
riven
38
July 2016
3.4.3
Table 18
Figure 2
4.I11 – Infra moto
Results The totalkilometrerespectiv
8 Total revenmotorways
Vehicle c
HGVs
Vans
The totalfuels useis € 0.09
EarmarkAs shownduties in Poland a Annex A)from fue
2 Share of ea
18 Please
in roadchargefuel exearma
HG
structure and eorways
l revenue of es driven on vely (see Tab
nue of fuel excs in the EU28 in
category
l revenue of d by HGVs a and € 0.04 b
ked fuel exn in Figure 22 the EU28 is significant s. Figure 22 sl excise duti
armarked reve
e notice that in d infrastructurees which are earxcise duty revenrked in this stu
9
2%
GV Total H
external cost c
excise duty EU28 motorble 18).
cise duty from n 2013 (billion
EU ETS fromand vans for billion, respe
xcise duties2, only a ver earmarked1
share of fuelshows the shies.
enue in total re
our definition re and/or to covermarked for othnue is earmarkedy.
98%
HGV Earmarke
coverage of roa
from fuels urways in 2013
HGVs and vans €2013)
m CO2 emissiokilometres dectively.
s ry small part8. Only in Litl excise dutiehare of earm
evenue from fue
revenue is only er external costher purposes (eed for strategic
ed
ad freight trans
used by HGVs3 is € 10.7 an
s associated to
Total
ons of produdriven on EU2
of the reventhuania, Czees is earmarkarked revenu
el excise dutie
considered earts. Therefore, t.g. in the Nethe oil reserves) ar
Van Total
sport on EU28
Vs and vans fond € 5.3 billi
kilometres dri
fuel excise du
uction and re28 motorway
nue from fueech Republic ked (see alsoue in total r
es
rmarked as it mthe revenue froerlands, a smalre not consider
98%
2%
Van Earm
or ion,
ven on
ty revenue
10.7
5.3
efining of ys in 2013
el excise and o evenue
ust be spent m taxes or l part of the ed to be
arked
39
July 2016
3.5
Figure 2
Figure 2
4.I11 – Infra moto
Conclus
The totalEuropeancharging (slightly revenue
3 Total tax/cEU28 in 20
The totalon EU28 fuel taxevehicle t
4 Total tax/cin 2013 (bi
structure and eorways
ions
l tax/chargen countries h schemes, thmore than 5is only about
charge revenue013 (billion €201
l 2013 tax/cmotorways i
es (almost 60axes (slightly
charge revenueillion €2013)
10.7
5.3
external cost c
e revenue forhave implemhe main part0%). Fuel taxt 5% of total
e from HGVs as13)
harge revenis about € 9 b0%), followedy more than
e from vans ass
1.3
€ 9 billion
€ 24 billio
coverage of roa
r HGVs is moented gener of the revenxes contribul tax/charge
sociated to kilo
ue from vansbillion. The d by infrastru 10%).
sociated to kilo
12
1.2
2
on
ad freight trans
ore than € 24ral or HGV spnues is from te about 43% revenue.
ometres driven
s associated main part ofucture charg
ometres driven
.3
2.5
sport on EU28
4 billion. As mpecific infras infrastructu%, while veh
n on motorway
to kilometref this revenuges (about 30
on motorways
Vehicle taxe
Infrastructur
Fuel excise d
Vehicle taxe
Infrastructur
Fuel excise d
many structure ure charges icle tax
s in the
es driven ue is from 0%) and
s in the EU28
es
re charges
duties
es
re charges
duties
40
July 2016
Figure 2
4.I11 – Infra moto
As showncharges fearmarkemitigatioFor HGVsearmarkefrom infrinfrastrucfuel excisfew coun
5 Share of eadriven by H
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Re
ven
ues
(bln
EU
R)
structure and eorways
n in Figure 25for HGVs anded for expenon/adaptatios, about 35% ed. The earmrastructure ccture chargese duties or
ntries in the
armarked reveHGVs and vans
Total
Vehicle
external cost c
5, only a limd vans relatenditures on roon measures is earmarke
marked revencharges. As se revenue in vehicle taxe EU28.
enue in total re on EU28 moto
Earm
HGV
e taxes Infr
coverage of roa
ited part of ed to kilometoad infrastru addressing ted, while for nue consists shown in Sec the EU28 is es, on the ot
evenue from taxrways in 2013
marked
rastructure cha
ad freight trans
the revenuetres driven oucture or to the external vans slightly almost comption 3.3, the earmarked. her hand, is
xes/charges ass
Total
arges Fuel e
sport on EU28
e from taxes on motorway investment costs of trany more than pletely of ree majority of The revenue earmarked
sociated to kilo
Earma
Van
excise duty
and ys is in nsport. 20% is
evenue f the e from in only a
ometres
rked
41
July 2016
4 4.1
4.2
4.I11 – Infra moto
Cost
Introduc
This chapfreight trresearch which shothe relevfocussed motorwa The strucvarious scIn Sectio ResearcHow aretax/chatranspo This quea Whicb Wha
freig
Scenario
On requeseveral sscenarios Scena
infras Scena
the cnoise
Scenaand e
Scenaand eemiss
Scenaand e
To summscenarios Each scenfor the e
structure and eorways
t cove
ction
pter seeks toransport com question 3, ow the share
vant taxes an on the costsys.
cture of this cenarios we n 4.3, cost c
ch question 3e the total inarge revenuert on EU28 m
estion consisch scenarios t are the infght transport
os for comp
est of the IRUcenarios, whs are assesseario 1: compstructure cosario 2: comp
current Eurove). ario 3: compexternal costario 4: compexternal costsions). ario 5: compexternal cost
marise, an oves is given in T
nario has bentire road fr
external cost c
erage
o compare hompare to the see below).e of the totand charges. As and revenu
chapter is a apply to comcoverage rati
3 nfrastructur
e, both relatmotorways in
sts of two su can be usedfrastructure t on EU28 m
paring cost
U, we have chich differ ined in this chaparison of tosts. parison of tovignette Dire
parison of tots (but excluparison of tots (including
parison of tots.
erview of thTable 19.
een assessed reight transp
coverage of roa
e ratio
ow infrastruc tax/charge We do this
al infrastructAs the previoue related to
as follows: fimpare the coios are prese
re and externted to the kiln 2013?
b questions:d to compare and externaotorways in
ts and reve
compared thn the cost caapter: otal tax/char
otal tax/charective (infras
otal tax/charuding congestotal tax/char congestion,
otal tax/char
e cost categ
for both HGport sector (H
ad freight trans
os
cture and ex revenue theby providingture and exteous chapterso the kilomet
rstly, we briosts and reveented for the
nal costs comlometres dri
e total costs al cost cover 2013?
enue
e total coststegories con
rge revenue
rge revenue structure cos
rge revenue tion and upsrge revenue but excludi
rge revenue
gories conside
Vs and vans HGVs and va
sport on EU28
xternal costsey bring in (ag cost coveraernal costs cs, the analystres driven o
iefly discuss enue (Sectioese scenarios
mpared to thiven by road
and revenuerage ratios fo
s and revenunsidered. In t
with total
with total costs, air pollu
with infrastrstream emiss with infrastrng upstream
with all infr
ered in the v
separately, ans together)
s of road addressing age ratios, covered by is is
on EU28
the on 4.2). s.
he total d freight
e? or road
ue for total five
ost under ution,
ructure sions). ructure
m
astructure
various
but also ).
42
July 2016
Table 19
4.3
Figure 2
4.I11 – Infra moto
9 Overview o
Total reve
Total infr
costs
Air pollut
Noise
Accidents
Climate c
Congestio
Upstream
Results
This sectroad freiare givendefined irevenue ratio thaThis is re Figure 26on EU28 and extebars in thcomparedsignificanincluded accident Includingthe cost
6 Cost cover
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
140%
160%
180%
I
structure and eorways
of cost categor
enues
astructure
ion
s
change
on
emissions
ion presentsght transpor
n for HGVs, vn the previodivided by tht is higher th
epresented in
6 presents thmotorways irnal costs frohe figure. Figd to the revently higher th in the costs and climateg congestion coverage rat
age ratios for a
nfrastructurecosts
Scenario 1
external cost c
ries considered
Scenario 1
X
X
s the infrastrrt on EU28 mvans and totaous section. The total costhan 100% men the figures
he cost coverin 2013. The om upstreamgure 26 showenue from Hhan the cost, the ratio is
e change cos (scenario 4)tio even furt
all scenarios fo
+Air pollution+Noise
Scenario 2:Current
Eurovignette
coverage of roa
d in the various
Scenario 2
X
X
X
X
ructure and emotorways in al road freigThe cost covts in that sceeans that thes below by a
rage ratios fo uncertainty
m emissions iws that whenHGVs on EU28ts. When air s still above ts, the cost ) and upstreather.
or HGVs on EU2
n +Acciden+Climate
e
Scenario
ad freight trans
scenarios
Scenario 3
X
X
X
X
X
X
external cos 2013. The cht transport
verage ratio enario. Theree revenue is thick line.
or the definey concerning is representen infrastructu8 motorways pollution an100% (i.e. 12coverage ratam emissions
28 motorways in
tse
+Conge
3 Scenar
sport on EU28
Scenario 4
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
st coverage rcost coveraget in the 5 sce is defined asefore a cost higher than
ed scenarios climate chaed by the unure costs ares, the revenund noise are 27%). By addtio falls belos (scenario 5
n 2013
stion +Upsemi
rio 4 Scen
Scenario 5
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
ratios for e ratios enarios as s the total coverage the costs.
s for HGVs ange costs ncertainty e ues are also ding ow 100%. 5) lowers
streamssions
nario 5
43
July 2016
Figure 2
Figure 2
4.I11 – Infra moto
Figure 27motorwa100% (eve3, 4 and coverage
7 Cost cover
In Figure displayed
8 Cost cover2013
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
140%
160%
180%
200%
I
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
140%
160%
180%
200%
I
structure and eorways
7 shows the cys in 2013. Ten slightly h5 are below
e ratios in the
age ratios for a
28 the cost d. Comparab
age ratios for a
nfrastructurecosts
Scenario 1
nfrastructurecosts
Scenario 1
external cost c
cost coveragThe cost covigher than fo 100%, as waese scenario
all scenarios fo
coverage rable results as
all scenarios fo
+Air pollution+Noise
Scenario 2:Current
Eurovignette
+Air pollution+Noise
Scenario 2:Current
Eurovignette
coverage of roa
ge ratios for verage ratios or HGVs). Thas the case foos are slightly
or vans on EU28
atios for totas for HGVs an
or total road fre
n +Accident+Climate
e
Scenario
n +Acciden+Climate
e
Scenario
ad freight trans
all scenarios in scenario he cost coveror HGVs. In gy lower as fo
8 motorways in
l road freighnd vans sepa
eight transport
tse
+Conges
3 Scenar
tse
+Conge
3 Scenar
sport on EU28
s for vans on 1 and 2 are rage ratios igeneral, theor HGVs.
n 2013
ht transport arately can b
t on EU28 moto
stion +Upsemi
rio 4 Scen
stion +Upsemi
rio 4 Scen
n EU28 far above n scenario
e costs
are be drawn.
orways in
streamssions
nario 5
streamssions
nario 5
44
July 2016
Table 20
4.I11 – Infra moto
Finally, a
0 Cost cover
Scenario
Scenario 1
Scenario 2
Current
Eurovigne
Scenario 3
Scenario 4
Scenario 5
structure and eorways
all cost cove
age ratios for a
Costs
1 Infras
2:
ette
+ Air
+ Nois
3 + Acc
+ Clim
4 + Con
5 + Ups
emiss
external cost c
rage ratios a
all scenarios fo
s included
structure costs
pollution
se
cidents
mate
ngestion
stream
sions
coverage of roa
are summaris
or road freight
HG
17
12
90% (77-10
77% (67-9
71% (60-8
ad freight trans
sed in Table
transport on EU
GVs
70%
27%
8%) 88% (73
0%) 69% (5
6%) 63% (5
sport on EU28
20.
U28 motorway
Vans
184%
141%
3-111%) 89%
59-83%) 7
53-79%) 6
ys in 2013
Total road
freight
174%
130%
% (75-109%)
5% (65-88%)
8% (58-84%)
45
July 2016
5 5.1
5.2
4.I11 – Infra moto
Con
Externa
The tax/by road fThis revecosts. If aline withhigher th The findiand exteair polluttax/charHGVs is eand/or u
Infrastru
The totalroad frei€ 37 billiAbout 73contribut The size by the sh(€ 10 insttransportCO2 priceThis relateconomic Infrastruccosts. Abrelated tof € 80 ppollutionFinally, tis relativ In additiofreight trmotorwa(€ 4.4 antransportabout € 4
structure and eorways
clusio
al and infra
charge revenfreight transenue is 70% (also the exte the current
han 100%. Th
ings of this srnal costs oftion, noise, cge revenue. equal to 90%pstream emi
ucture and
l infrastructught transporon (excludin% of these cte for almost
of the total hadow price tead of € 80 t decrease toe (€ 150 per tively large vc valuation o
cture costs about half of to building aner tonne). C costs are 15
the contributely limited (
on to the infransport is ays. For 2013d € 2.7 billiot indirectly c4.3 billion (€
external cost c
ons
structure c
nue related port exceedfor HGVs) toernal costs ft Eurovignetthe revenue is
study show, hf road freighclimate chan For this sce, while for vission costs a
d external c
ure and extert on EU28 mng congestioncosts are caut 27% to thes
infrastructu applied for G per tonne oo € 31 billion tonne CO2), variation in of the impac
are the mainthe total infrnd maintaini
Climate chan5% of the tottion of noise(about 2%).
frastructure lso responsib
3, these costson for HGVs causes exter€ 2.1 - € 6.4
coverage of roa
cost covera
to the kiloms the infrast
o 84% (for varom air pollute Directive,s 27-41% high
however, that transport onge, and accnario (scena
vans it is 88%as well woul
costs
ernal costs remotorways in n costs and csed by HGVsse costs (€ 1
ure and exterGHG emissiof CO2 eq.), tn. On the oth the total cothe results r
cts of GHG em
n part of the rastructure aing motorwage costs contal costs. Acce to the total
and externable for conges are roughlyand vans resnal costs of billion).
ad freight trans
age ratios
metres drivenructure costns) higher thution and no the cost covher than the
at in 2013 thon the EU28 idents costs)rio 3), the c
%. Including cd lower thes
elated to kilo 2013 is estimcosts of upsts (€ 27 billion0 billion).
rnal costs is ons. If we appthe total cosher, in case wosts increase reflects the umissions.
total infrastand externalays (assumingtribute for acidents contl infrastructu
l costs discuestion costs oy estimated spectively). Fupstream em
sport on EU28
n on EU28 mots of these rohan the infraoise are incluverage ratio costs consid
he total infra motorways () exceed the
cost coveragecongestion cse ratios eve
ometres drivmated at abtream emissin), while van
significantlyply a low CO
sts for road fwe apply a h to about € 4uncertainty i
tructure andl costs (51%) g the centraabout 21%, wtribute abouture and exte
ussed above, on the Europ at € 7 billionFinally, roadmissions, wh
otorways oads. astructure uded, in is still dered.
astructure (including e relevant e ratio for osts
en further.
ven by out ons). ns
y affected O2 price freight high 44 billion. in the
d external are l CO2 price
while air t 11%. ernal costs
road pean n d freight ich are
46
July 2016
5.3
5.4
4.I11 – Infra moto
Revenue
The 2013driven by€ 33 billiremainin Fuel excitotal reve(59%), whcountriescharges iFuel excivehicle t The reveearmarkethe exterHGVs andrevenues
Uncerta
The exteon the labasis for generally The maininfrastruc For c
is avaexerc
The vrelatechangtried above
For inexpenor onto beinfras
For avaluaof ca
For aundeeffecalthoimpainto a
structure and eorways
e from taxe
3 total reveny road freighon. About 73g part is from
ise duties anenue. For vahile infrastrus have specifn total reveise duties coaxes in total
nue from roaed for investrnal costs of d 20% from vs almost com
ainties
rnal and infratest scientif the various y good, but d
n uncertainticture costs aongestion coailable. As a cises, which valuation of ed to the unge. By apply to show thee, this impacnfrastructurenditures diff
nly very limite made. Thesstructure cosccident cost
ation of the isualties no sir pollution arestimated,
cts do not takough recent scts of NO2 anaccount in th
external cost c
es and cha
ue from taxeht transport o3% of this revm vans.
nd infrastructans, the majucture chargfic HGV roadnue is signifi
ontribute 44%l revenue is
ad freight trtments in roaf road transpvans are earmmpletely cons
rastructure cfic evidence cost categordiffers per co
ies with respare: osts, no cons consequenc results in a GHG emissioncertain but ying a bandwe impact of tct is rather se costs, the fers widely bted data wasse data probsts. ts, the main immaterial cspecific valuaand noise co as the stateke all adversstudies provind ultra-finehe most rece
coverage of roa
rges
es and chargon the EU28 venue is coll
ture chargesority of the
ges contributd charging scicantly highe% to the totalimited for b
ransport taxead infrastruc
port. Only 35marked for tsist of reven
costs presen and methodries is quite ost category
pect to the e
sistent Europce, these cosrather high lons is rather potentially d
width for the this uncertaisignificant. availability o
between EU cs available, ablems are ref
uncertaintiecosts of injuration factors
osts, it is expe-of-the-art sse health imide increasine particles, tent shadow p
ad freight trans
ges related to motorways ilected from
s are the mairevenue is frte 28%. As mhemes, the
er for this veal revenue froboth HGVs (5
es and chargcture or mitig% of the taxhese purposeue from infra
ted in this stologies. In gadvanced. T.
estimation of
pean data onsts are mainllevel of unce uncertain, wdramatic dam CO2 price innty on the re
of detailed dcountries. Foand hence roflected in the
es are relatered casualties exist. pected that tshadow pricepacts into ac
ng evidence fhese impactprices.
sport on EU28
to the kilomeis estimated HGVs, while
in contributorom fuel excany Europea
share of infrehicle categorom HGVs. Th5%) and vans
ges are partlygation meas/charge revees. These ea
rastructure c
tudy have begeneral, the The data basi
f external an
n congestion ly based on mertainty. which is closmages of climn this study, esults. As dis
data on infraor some counough estimate estimated
ed to the ecoes, as for the
the total coses for these ccount. For efor negativets are not ye
etres d at e the
ors to the cise duties an rastructure ory (51%). he share of (13%).
y ures for enue from armarked harges.
een based scientific is is
nd
indicators model
sely mate we have scussed
astructure ntries, no tions had
onomic ese types
sts are external example, health
et taken
47
July 2016
4.I11 – Infra moto
For road availablerevenue analyses resulted To concluhave to brobust. Fmagnitud
structure and eorways
transport tae for most coto various ve were needein a modest
ude, althougbe kept in mFurthermore,de.
external cost c
axes and chaountries. Howehicle categod to allocate level of unc
gh this study ind when int, the main re
coverage of roa
rges, rather wever, oftenories is availe this revenucertainty.
does contaiterpreting itesults of this
ad freight trans
reliable datn no breakdolable. Therefue to HGVs a
n quite somes results, thes study do ha
sport on EU28
ta on total reown of the tofore, additio
and vans, wh
e uncertainte main concave the right
evenue is otal onal hich
ties, which lusion are t order of
48
July 2016
6
4.I11 – Infra moto
Refe
ACEA, 20
AEA, 201vehicles
Berg, J. Vvan CO2-
CE Delft;external
CE Delft;overzicht
CE Delft,EU ETS, D
CE Delft,2008, De
CE Delft,the transPolicies f
Defra, 20annoyancEnvironm
EC, 1999of 17 Juninfrastruc
EC, 2002relating tby the Cothe assesL189(july
EC, 2006of 17 Mayvehicles European
EC, 2011Council oof heavy relevance
structure and eorways
erenc
014. ACEA Ta
2. A review to 2050, Did
V. d. & Botze-emissies, Am
TML; TNO; costs in tran
VU, 2014. Et voor Neder
2016. CalcuDelft: sn
I. F. I., 201lft: sn
I. F. I. U. osport sector for All exter
014. Environmce, hyperten
ment, Food &
. Directive 1ne 1999 on thctures. Offic
. Directive 2to the assessommission inssment.......y), pp. 12-25
. Directive 2y 2006 amenfor the use on Union, L15
. Directive 2of 27 Septem goods vehice, Brussels:
external cost c
ces
ax Guide, sl:
of the efficidcot: sn
en, W., 2012msterdam: V
TRT, 2012. Ansport, Delft
Externe en inrland in 2010
ulation of ad
1. External
. G., 2008. H - Produced wrnal Cost of T
mental noisension, produc& Rural affair
999/62/EC ohe charging cial Journal
2002/49/EC osment & mann the Concili Official Jou
5.
2006/38/EC onding Directivof certain inf7(juni), pp.
2011/76/EU mber 2011 amcles for the uEuropean Co
coverage of roa
sn
iency and co
2. WaarderinVrije Universi
An inventoryt: CE Delft.
nfrastructuu0, Delft: CE D
dditional pro
costs of tran
Handbook onwithin the sTransport, D
e – Valuing imctivity and qrs (Defra).
of the Europof heavy goo of the Europ
of the EP annagement ofation Commurnal of the
of the Europve 1999/62/frastructures 8-23.
of the Europmending Direuse of certaiommission.
ad freight trans
ost assumptio
ng van de maiteit (VU).
y of measure
urkosten van Delft.
ofits of secto
nsport in Eur
n estimation tudy 'Interna
Delft: sn
mpacts on: squiet, London
ean Parliameods vehicles pean Union,
d of the Couf environmenittee on the European Co
ean ParliameEC on the chs. Official Jo
pean Parliamective 1999/n infrastruct
sport on EU28
ons for road
aatschappeli
es for intern
verkeer : Ee
ors and firms
rope: Update
of external alisation Mea
sleep disturbn: Departme
ent and of t for the use o L187(jili), p
uncil of 25 Juntal noise - D Directive reommunities,
ent and of tharging of heournal of the
ment and of t62/EC on thtures Text w
transport
ijke kosten
alizing
en
s from the
e study for
costs in asures and
bance, ent for
he Council of certain p. 42-50.
une 2002 Declaration elating to
he Council eavy goods e
the e charging
with EEA
49
July 2016
4.I11 – Infra moto
EC, 2011Towards COM(201
EC, 2015European
Ecorys ; CguidelineRotterda
Eurostat,Availableexplained[Accessed
EY; CE De
Fraunhofexternal and reve
HEATCO,DevelopiProject A
Insurance
Insurance(dataset)Availableinsurance
IPCC, 201groups I, Panel on
ITS, 2000marginalLeeds.
Kuik, O.,gas emiss
Navrud, Ss.n.
NEEDS, 2to DeliveaveragedSustainab
structure and eorways
. White pape a competiti1)0144 final
. EU Transpon Commission
CE Delft, 200es to calculam ; Delft: Ec
, 2016. Freige at: http://d/index.phpd 2016].
elft; Navrud
fer-ISI ; CE D cost of Trannue in Europ
2006. Delivng Harmonis
Assessment (
e Europe, 20
e Europe, 20). [Online] e at: http://e-figures-dat
14. Climate II and III to Climate Cha
0. The accou costs for tr
Brander, L.sions : A met
S., 2002. The
008. Data fierable D1.1: d/aggregatedbility (NEEDS
external cost c
er, Roadmapve and resoul, Brussels: E
ort in figuresn.
06. Infrastruate total infrcorys ; CE De
ght transportec.europa.e
p/Freight_tra
, S., on-goin
Delft, 2008. Insport (IMPApe, Karlsruhe
verable D5: Psed European(HEATCO). St
015. Europea
015. Statistic
www.insurataset
change 2014 the Fifth Asange (IPCC).
unts approachransport effi
& Tol, R., 2ta-analysis.
e state-of-th
le 'External CReport on thd data. In: NS). Stuttgard
coverage of roa
p to a single urce efficienEuropean Com
s : Statistica
ucture expenrastructure celft.
t statistics. eu/eurostat/ansport_stati
ng. Social cos
nternalisatioACT) - Delivee: Fraunhofe
Proposal for Hn Approachetuttgart: IER
an Motor Insu
cs N°50: Euro
nceeurope.e
4: Synthesis rssessment Re
h : Unite (Unciency) Deliv
2009. MarginEnergy Polic
he-art on eco
Costs_per_uhe procedure
New Energy Ed: IER, Unive
ad freight trans
European Trnt transport smmission (CE
al pocketboo
nditures and costs for five
[Online] statistics-istics
sts of noise i
on Measures rable 2: Roa
er ISI.
Harmonised es for TranspR, University
urance Marke
opean Insura
eu/statistics-
report. Conteport , Genev
nification of verable 2, Le
al abatemency, 37(4), pp
onomic valua
nit_emissione and data toExternalities rsity of Stutt
sport on EU28
ransport Are system E).
ok 2015, Brus
d costs. Practe modes of t
in France, s.
s and Policiesad infrastruc
Guidelines. port Costing of Stuttgart
ets, sl: sn
ance in Figur
-n%C2%B050-
tribution of eva: Intergov
f accounts aneeds: Univer
nt costs of gr. 1395-1403.
ation of nois
n_080821.xlso generate Developmentgard.
ea :
ssels:
tical ransport,
l.: Paris.
s for all cture cost
In: and t.
res
-european-
working vernmental
nd rsity of
reenhouse .
se, Oslo:
s' related
nt for
50
July 2016
4.I11 – Infra moto
ProgTRanBundesfeAG ; IWW
Ricardo-Acosts of t
Ricardo-AInfrastru
WHO, 20healthy l(WHO).
WHO, 20Copenhag
structure and eorways
ns/IWW, 200ernstraβen inW.
AEA ; DIW ectransport, Lo
AEA, 2014. Eucture Charg
11. Burden olife years los
13. Review ogen: World H
external cost c
07. Aktualisien Deutschlan
con : CAU, 20ondon: Ricar
Evaluation ofing Policy sin
of disease frst in Europe,
of evidence Health Organ
coverage of roa
erung der Wnd : Endberic
014. Updaterdo-AEA.
f the Implemnce 1995, Di
rom environm, Copenhage
on health asnization (WH
ad freight trans
Wegekostenrecht, Basel/ K
of the Hand
mentation andcot: Ricard
mental noisen: World He
spects of air HO).
sport on EU28
echnung für dKarlsruhe: Pr
dbook on ext
nd Effects ofdo-AEA.
e : Quantificealth Organiz
pollution (R
die rogTrans
ternal
f EU
ation of zation
REVIHAAP),
51
Ann
July 2016
nex A
A.1
A.2
A.2.1
Table 21
4.I11 – Infra moto
Detaesti
Introduc
In Chaptecategoriedetailed provided (Section
Infrastru
In this seinfrastruc
InfrastruThe dataStates ha Natio
or naexpenInternextralevels
Interexpendata
1 Primary da
Primary d
source
National a
National a
+ ITF data
ITF dataa
Estimated
a For mo
have be
(based
multipl
operati
structure and eorways
ailed matio
ction
er 2, the mees are briefly information for infrastruA.3), air pol
ucture cost
ection, some cture costs i
ucture exp on motorwa
as been colleonal accountational statisnditures. Annational Tra
apolation or is in comparanational Tranditures is p is estimated
ata sources for
data Inv
ren
accounts Aus
Ge
Spa
accounts
a
Ita
Cro
Lux
Slo
d Bel
Fin
Sw
st countries, IT
een estimated b
on data from c
ying the mainte
ion expenditure
external cost c
inforons
ethodologies y discussed. is provided ucture costs llution costs
ts
more detailis presented.
penditures ay infrastrucected from twts: for some ctics have bey missing dansport Foruminterpolationable countrieansport Forupresented ford by the sam
expenditures o
vestments (enh
newal expendit
stria, Czech Re
ermany, France,
ain, UK
ly, Poland
oatia, Hungary,
xembourg, Port
ovenia
lgium, Bulgaria
nland, Greece,
weden
TF do not presen
by determining
countries for wh
enance expendi
es.
coverage of roa
rmatio
to estimate For some of in this Anne (Section A.2 (Section A.4
led informat.
cture expendwo main datcountries daen gathered
ata have beem (ITF) or han, or by appes). m; data on mr some EU coe approache
on motorwaysa
hancement and
tures)
public, Denmar
, Netherlands,
Lithuania,
tugal, Slovakia,
, Estonia,
Ireland, Roman
nt data on oper
a ratio of oper
hich both types
itures by this ra
ad freight trans
on on
the various the cost catx. Subseque2), external a4), and noise
ion on the es
ditures in theta sources (seata from nati on investmen supplemenave been estlying growth
motorway inountries by tes as describe
a
Operatio
expendit
rk, Austria, C
France, It
Spain, UK
Bulgaria,
Hungary,
Portugal,
ia,
Belgium,
Greece, I
ation expenditu
ation and maint
of expenditures
atio to get a rou
sport on EU28
n cost
(external) ctegories, somntly, informaccident cos
e costs (Secti
estimation of
e various EU ee Table 21)ional public ents and/or nted by datatimated (by h rates in exp
frastructurethe ITF. Any ed above.
on and mainten
tures
Czech Republic,
taly, Netherlan
K
Estonia, Croati
Lithuania, Luxe
Slovakia, Slove
Denmark, Finla
Ireland, Romani
ures. These exp
tenance expend
s are known) an
ugh estimation
ost me more ation is sts ion A.5).
f
Member ): accounts O&M a from the
penditure
e missing
ance
, Germany,
ds, Poland,
ia,
embourg,
enia
and,
ia, Sweden
penditures
ditures
nd
of the
52
July 2016
A.2.2
A.2.3
Table 22
4.I11 – Infra moto
As is showexpendithave beemotorwafrom the Informatiinvestmeon these and reneThese wenot availO&M expPoland anshares of(45% and
AssumptTo estimaMethod (assumpti Depre
expenthe inCE Deall en
Depreenha(deprlinea
Inter
ProportAn overvin Table
2 Applied pro
Cost cate
Enhancem
Renewal c
Variable m
Fixed mai
Operation
structure and eorways
wn in Table ures on moto
en estimatedy. These uni national acc
ion on the shents was only data, we wewal expendiere used as dable. The sh
penditures wand the UK. Bf operation a 55%, respec
tions used ate the enhaPIM) has beeons were useeciation pernditures are nfrastructureelft (2008), wnhancement eciation appncement andreciation + fir depreciatioest rate: an
ionality faciew of the sp1.
oportionality fa
egory
ment costs
costs
maintenance co
intenance costs
n costs
external cost c
21, for someorway infras
d using averait levels havecounts and t
hare of enhay available foere able to eitures in totadefault valuehare of operaas only avail
Based on theand maintenactively) were
in applyingancement anen applied (sed
riod; the per depreciatede. Based on we assume a and renewa
proach; we ud renewal coinancing coson approach interest rate
ctors used pecific propo
actors
osts
s
coverage of roa
e countries nstructure. Foage expendite been estimthe ITF datab
ancement anor Austria, Testimate theal investmenes for the coation and malable for Aus
e average figance expende estimated f
g the PIM nd renewal csee Section 2
iod over whid depends ona detailed a
an average dal investmentsed an annu
osts, which ats). As show would resule of 4% is us
to allocateortionality fa
Propo
PC
4th
PC
4th
4th
PC
Ve
All
Ve
PC
ad freight trans
no data was aor these counure levels pe
mated based base.
d renewal exThe Netherla average shats (75% and untries for w
aintenance estria, Germanures for thes
ditures in totfor the othe
costs the Per2.2.2). There
ch the enhan the assumenalysis in Fraepreciation ts. ity approach
assumes consn by CE Delflt in comparaed for all EU
e the infrasactors applie
ortionality fact
E kilometres (9
power axle loa
E kilometres (4
power axle loa
power axle loa
E kilometres (5
hicle kilometre
ocated to HGVs
hicle kilometre
E kilometres (7
sport on EU28
available onntries the exer kilometre on the data
xpenditures ands and Polaares of enhan 25%, respectwhich this daexpendituresny, The Nethse countries,tal O&M exper countries.
rpetual Invenefore, the fo
ancement anded life expecaunhofer ISI period of 35
h to estimatestant annualft (2008), apable cost est
U Member Sta
structure coed in this stu
tor
90%)
ad kilometres (1
40%)
ad kilometres (6
ad kilometres (1
50%)
es (35%)
s (15%)
es (30%)
70%)
xpenditures available
in total and. Based ncement tively). ata was s in total herlands, , default enditures
ntory ollowing
d renewal ctancy of and 5 years for
e the costs plying a timates. ates.
osts udy is given
10%)
60%)
100%)
53
July 2016
A.3
A.3.1
4.I11 – Infra moto
Differentinfrastruc Enhan
i.e. tThis cequivreflecpart o(e.g. assumalloca
Rene(60%)on PCkilom
VariaTheseload
FixeddevelCE DeNethevehicto HG
Operaweigh
Acciden
AllocatioVarious athe vario Moni
are adid ta
Respothe pto the
Damapotenvehicvehic
In this sttotal extCE Delft This allocvehicles of externto travel(in contranot repor
structure and eorways
t proportionacture costs: ncement coshese costs acapacity depvalent (PCE) cts the capaof the enhan the type anmed number ated based owal costs are) dependent CE weighted
metres. able maintene costs are tweighted kil
d maintenancloped by Proelft (2008) aerlands): 50%cle kilometreGVs. ation costs ahted vehicle
nt costs
on of exterapproaches cous vehicle catoring persp
allocated to take place (eonsibility peparty ‘causine party who age potentiantial of a cercle involved icle involved.
udy, we haveernal accideand Free Uncation approimpose on o
nal costs (i.e). Furthermoast to the rert on the res
external cost c
ality factors sts are assumare made to ipendent cost weighted ve
acity demandncement cosd cost of pav of heavy duon 4th power e assumed to as well. The vehicle kilo
nance costs atherefore comlometres. ce costs are ogTrans/IWWnd CE Delft % of the costes, 35% based
are allocatede kilometres
rnal accidecan be applieategories (C
pective: allocthe transpor.g. the costs
erspective (gg’ the accid is responsib
al (intrinsic rrtain vehiclein a multiple
e applied thent costs to tniversity Amsoach is basedther road us
e. the costs tore, all statiesponsibility sponsible par
coverage of roa
are applied
med to be maincrease thets are allocatehicle kilomed of the variots (10%) is asvement mate
uty vehicles u axle load wo be partly cerefore, thesmetres and 4
are assumed mpletely allo
allocated baW (2007) for G
and Free Unts are allocad on vehicle
d based on v(70%).
ent costs ed to allocatE Delft et alcation accordrt category ths of casualtieguilt); externent. In other
ble for the ocrisk): allocate. This meane party accid
e damage pothe various vsterdam (201d on the intrisers and hencthat are impostical data is perspectiverty for an ac
ad freight trans
for different
ainly (90%) c capacity of ted based onetres, as thisous vehicle cssumed to beerials used dusing the roaeighted vehicapacity (40%se costs are a4th power ax
to be fully wocated based
ased on the dGermany (aniversity Amsted based on kilometres a
ehicle kilom
te the extern., 2011): ding to involhey were usies in vans arenal accident r words, the ccurrence of tion accordins that all vic
dent are attr
otential apprvehicle categ14) and CE Dinsic risk thece best refleosed on thirds available to, as transporcident).
sport on EU28
t types of
capacity depf the road nen passenger s proportionacategories. Ae weight depdepends on tad). These coicle kilometr%) and partlyalso allocate
xle load weig
weight deped on 4th pow
detailed appnd also applisterdam (201n PCE weighand 15% are
metres (30%)
nal accident
lvement, casing when the
re allocated costs are all costs are at
f the accidenng to the damctims in a ceributed to th
roach to allogories, in line
Delft et al. (2e use of certects the specd parties by o apply this rt statistics d
endent, etwork. car ality factor A small pendent the osts are res. y weight ed based ghted
ndent. er axle
proach ed by
14) for the ted allocated
and PCE
costs to
sualties e accident to vans). located to ttributed nt. mage rtain
he other
ocate the e with 2011). ain cific nature deciding approach do often
54
July 2016
A.4
A.4.1
Table 23
A.5
A.5.1
Table 24
A.5.2
Table 25
4.I11 – Infra moto
Air pollu
Air polluAs menti(PM emisestimatiofigures toFor illustGermany
3 EU28 avera
Air pollut
PM2.5
PM10
NOx a HEATCO
urban a
emissio
in rural
Noise co
Noise shShadow pnoise cosfigures wpresenteshadow pin Table
4 EU28 avera
Noise wThe totalcategoriediffer in specific f2014) use
5 Noise weig
Vehicle c
Passenger
Motorcycl
Bus
Van
HGV
structure and eorways
ution
ution shadooned in Sectssions) are uson we have ao estimate thtrative purpoy in Table 23
age shadow pri
tant
O (2006) presen
and rural), refle
ons. Based on TR
l areas. Therefo
osts
hadow priceprices from Hsts (see Secti
were estimated in Section
prices. For il24.
age noise costs
weighting fal external noes based on tnoise characfactors. The ed are shown
ghting factors
category
r car
le
external cost c
ow prices tion 2.4.2, shsed to estimapplied counhe total air poses, we pres.
ices for air pol
nts PM shadow p
ecting the impa
REMOVE data, i
ore, the shadow
es HEATCO (200ion 2.6.2). Aed, which w 2.6.3. Therelustrative pu
s per person ex
Lden (
actors oise costs hathe vehicle kcteristics, th weighting fan in Table 25
coverage of roa
hadow pricesate the tota
ntry-specific pollution cossent the cou
lutant emission
prices different
act population d
it is assumed in
w prices present
06) are used As for air pol
were summedefore, we murposes we d
xposed per yea
(dB(A))
55–59
60–64
65–69
70-74
≥ 75
ve been allokilometres ohe vehicle kilactors (from5.
ad freight trans
s from NEEDSl air pollutio shadow pricsts (HEATCOuntry specific
ns (in €2013/ton)
iated by region
density has on th
this study that
ted for PM2.5 an
to estimate lution, count
d to find the ade use of c
do present th
r for 2013 (in €
Noise c
ocated to then motorwayslometres hav CE Delft and
sport on EU28
S (NOx) and on costs. In oces and total, 2006). c shadow pri
)
Shadow pr
n type (i.e. met
he damage cau
t all motorways
nd PM10 are for r
e the total extry-specific EU28 figures
country-specihe figures fo
€2013)
costs per perso
e various vehs. As the vehve been weigd Free Unive
Noise weigh
HEATCO our l emission
ices for
rice (€/ton)
100,788a
40,315a
15,059
ropolitan,
sed by these
are located
rural areas.
xternal total cost s ific r Germany
on per year
77
132
186
295
395
hicle hicle types ghted by ersity,
hting factor
1
4.2
3.3
1.2
3.9
55
Ann
July 2016
nex B
B.1
B.2
4.I11 – Infra moto
Earmand
Introduc
Earmarkerevenue mitigate These rev In this Anthe road B.2). Det
Methodo
The estimbased onanalysed ACEA CE De
in trahas btax/c
OECDexplic
REVEconta
RicarEU InMembcharg
PersoFinan
When a tearmarke
structure and eorways
marke char
ction
ed taxes in tmust be spe the externavenues are t
nnex, we pre freight trantailed results
ology
mation of the a thorough :
A (2014): Taxelft (2012) - ansport. In pbeen studiedcharge has beD environmencit informatiNUE (2006): ains a countrrdo-AEA (201frastructureber States’ sging. onal communnce.
tax or chargeed, we have
external cost c
ed revrges
this study arent by law tol costs (e.g.
therefore no
esent the mesport taxes as of this asse
e earmarked literature re
x Guide 2013 An inventory
particular, th, as they ofteen earmarkntal tax dataion on the e EU project ry overview t4) - Evaluati
e Charging Postated appro
nication with
e revenue is assumed tha
coverage of roa
venue
e defined as investments CO2, road sat added to t
ethodology uand charges essment are
d part in totaeview. The f
. y of measure
he elaboratedten mention ked. abase (2016)armarking ofon Revenue table of reveion of the Imolicy since 19ach for the u
h country ex
not indicateat the taxes
ad freight trans
e from
taxes for whs in road infrafety) of roahe general b
sed to estim have been epresented in
al tax/chargeollowing sou
es for internad fact sheetswhether the
: this databaf relevant taUse from Traenue allocati
mplementatio995: it proviuse of reven
perts and/or
ed in either o were not ea
sport on EU28
m tax
hich (a sharerastructure a
ad transport.budget.
mate to whatearmarked (Sn Section B.3
e revenue haurces have be
alising exters in the Annee revenue of
ase contains axes/chargesransport Pricion schemeson and Effecdes an overvues from roa
r national Mi
of these sourarmarked.
xes
e of) the and/or to
t extent Section 3).
as been een
rnal costs ex report a specific
some s. ing, which
s. cts of view of ad
inistries of
rces to be
56
July 2016
B.3
Table 26
Country
Austria
Belgium
Bulgaria
Cyprus
Czech R
Denmar
German
Estonia
Finland
France
Greece
Croatia
Hungary
Ireland
Italy
Latvia
Lithuan
Luxemb
Malta
Netherl
Poland
Portuga
Romani
Slovakia
Sloveni
Spain
Sweden
United
4.I11 – Infra moto
Results
The resuTable 26
6 Share of ta
y Re
m
a
Republic
rk
ny
d
a
y
nia
bourg
lands
al
ia
a
a
n
Kingdom
Note: “-”a 50%
not
revb Par
roa
earc A fe
(exd Sha
clime Som
cle
structure and eorways
lts of the ass.
ax/charge reven
egistration C
-
-
-
0%
-
0%
-
-
0%
0%
0%
-
-
0%
0%
-
-
-
0%
-
-
0%
100%
0%
-
-
-
-
” means that th
% of circulation
t (indirectly) re
venues.
rt of the toll rev
ad network. Ano
rmarked. The si
ee needs to pai
xcl. VAT). This f
ares of the annu
mate mitigation
me part of the r
ar how much. W
external cost c
sessment on
nues that is ea
Circulation In
0%a
0%
0%
0%
100%
0%
0%
0%
0%
100%
0%
-
0%
0%
0%
100%
100%
40%d
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
here are no reve
tax revenues a
lated to road fr
venue are alloc
other part of th
ize of both shar
id in Italy to the
fee is not earma
ual vehicle tax a
n efforts via the
revenue is earm
We assumed 50%
coverage of roa
earmarked
armarked per ta
nsurance
-
28%
-
100%
-
-
-
-
-
-
23%
-
-
40%
45%
-
-
-
-
-
-
66%
100%
-
-
26%
-
-
enues
re spent on Pub
reight transport
ated to private
e toll revenue i
res is unknown.
e government, w
arked.
and mineral oil
e Climate and E
marked for reinv
%.
ad freight trans
tax/charge r
ax/charge and
Tolls Vigne
100%
-
-
-
100%
100%
100%
-
-
100%
100%
100%
-
50%b
89%c
-
-
-
-
0%
100%
100%
100%
50%e
100%
100%
100%
0%
blic Transport. A
t, they are not c
partners who h
is allocated to p
We assumed a
which is about
tax are used to
nergy Fund.
vestment in the
sport on EU28
revenue are
country
ettes Fuel
-
0%
100%
-
100%
0%
-
-
-
-
-
-
100%
-
-
-
100%
0%
-
0%
-
-
100%
50%
100%
-
0%
-
As these expen
considered earm
have to spend it
public partners
50/50 split.
11% of the tota
o finance the co
e transport sect
shown in
exise duty
0%
0%
0%
0%
9%
0%
3%
0%
0%
4%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
55%
8%c
0%
0%
18%
1%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
ditures are
marked
t on the toll
and is not
al revenue
ountry’s
or. It is not
top related