Carbon sequestration via CO2 mineralization · Combining Capture and Sequestration Provides Proo s g Oppo tu t esmising Opportunities 1. BYPASS CARBON CAPTURE Value Proposition -

Carbon sequestration via CO mineralizationCarbon sequestration via CO2 mineralization

Presenters

May 6, 2011

ScientistsPresentersStephanie Greene Edward LeeAntoine Queval Mike Perez

Scientists Ronald Zuckermann and Chun-Long ChenLawrence Berkeley National Lab

Introduction and Overview

Technology Applications Feasibilityg

• Peptoids

Peptoid as

• Replace Carbon Capture

• Technical feasibility

• Peptoid as catalyst: CO2into calcium carbonate

Capture

• Sell “carbon negative”

• Costs

• Competitorsoutput

• Geologic Sequestration

• Regulation

Sequestration

2

Carbon sequestration via mineralization has many benefits

Stability and Safety Avoid pipeline development costs (and CO2 transport)( 2 p )

Potential for“carbon-negative” products

Bypasses geologic constraints for ‘siting’

3

Our technology and considerationsgy

Technology OverviewTechnology Overview

Potential ApplicationsPotential Applications

O ti i tOperating environment

Conclusions

4

Peptoid Technology makes “designer” polymer chains with unique propertiespolymer chains with unique properties

Library of molecules are used as building blocks WIDE VARIETY OFas building blocks

=

WIDE VARIETY OF APPLICATIONS

• Inhibitors• Antimicrobial agents• Cancer therapeutics

Blocks are put together to make a sequence-specific

polymer (“peptoid”)

Cancer therapeutics• Catalysts

5

Peptoid technology used as catalyst to t CO i t l i b tsequester CO2 into calcium carbonate

C l i Process:

PEPTOIDS

Calcium ions

CO2

Calcium Carbonate

(C CO )

23-times faster growth rate of crystal

Can use dilute inputsAlkalinity

(CaCO3)

Inputs OutputCatalyst

Can use dilute inputs and catalyst

Reusable catalystInputs OutputCatalyst

Output: Produces the most

b d t f fabundant form of CaCO3 (calcite)

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Reaction: CaCl2 + CO2 + 2NaOH CaCO3 + 2 NaCl + H2O

Overall energy balance is a game-t b t P t id b d t dstopper, but Peptoids can be adapted

Carbon Mineralization Technologies

Turn CO2 into Mineralsu CO2 to e a s

PEPTOID CATALYST

Our current reaction:

PEPTOID CATALYST

Recommended reaction (example):Our current reaction:

CaCl2 + CO2 + 2NaOH CaCO3 + 2 NaCl + H2O

Recommended reaction (example):

Mg2SiO4 + 2CO2 2MgCO3 + SiO2

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Net CO2 sequestration Net CO2 emissions

Applications of our technologypp gy

Technology OverviewTechnology Overview

Potential ApplicationsPotential Applications

O ti i tOperating environment

Conclusions

8

Carbon Mineralization Has Promising Commercial ApplicationsCommercial Applications

Bypass Carbon Capture

Above Ground:Alternative to Above Ground:Alternative to

Capture

Sell Output

Geologic SequestrationGeologic Sequestration

Replace Sequestration Only

Below Ground:Below Ground:Complement GeologicSequestration

Complement GeologicSequestration

Complement Sequestration

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Sequestration Sequestration

Combining Capture and Sequestration Provides Promising Opportunitieso s g Oppo tu t es

1. BYPASS CARBON CAPTURE

Value PropositionAvoid costs from capture step- Avoid costs from capture step

- Sequestration on site- Avoid CO2 transport

Key Challenges

2 SELL C CO OUTPUT

Above Ground: Alternative to

Above Ground: Alternative to

Key Challenges- Alkalinity source- Cost

Future: 1-2 GT CO2/YrFuture: 1-2 GT CO2/Yr

2. SELL CaCO3 OUTPUTAlternative to Geologic Sequestration

Alternative to Geologic Sequestration Value Proposition

- “Carbon-negative” productsCarbon negative products

Key Challenges- Alkalinity source

C t

Future: 1-2 GT CO2/YrFuture: 1-2 GT CO2/Yr

~85 M tons CaCO3/ Yr~85 M tons CaCO3/ Yr

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- Cost - Purity and Size of Output

Combining Capture with Selling our t t dd l k toutput can address a large market

85 Million Tons CaCO3/year; over $650B total industry size

#1 Largest User of C CO

#2 Largest User of C CO

Paper/Pulp Plastics

CaCO3

$327 B/yearCaCO3

$246 B/year5% f l b l

Cement #3 largest user of

Paint 5% of global

CO2

80-90% of input is

user of CaCO3

$85 B/ year

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input is CaCO3

Complementing Geologic Sequestration is th ibl k tanother possible market

Future: 1-2 GT CO2/YrFuture: 1-2 GT CO2/Yr

Today: 45 M tons CO2/Yr

Today: 45 M tons CO2/Yr

COMPLEMENT SEQUESTRATION

Value Proposition- Speed, Stability, Safety- Avoid Monitoring

Below Ground: Complement

Below Ground: Complement Key Challenges

- Cost- Regulation-dependent

ComplementGeologicSequestration

ComplementGeologicSequestration

g- Small Market

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Replacing sequestration is much more tt ti th l ti itattractive than complementing it

$250

$200Sell

CaCO3output~$10/ton is

$150

outputsequestration, only 50 ¢/ton monitoring

$100Transport

CaptureOur

Catalyst80% of C t

$0

$50p Catalyst

TodayCosts are from Capture

13

$0

CCS Average Our Technology Average

Operating environment dynamicsp g y

Technology OverviewTechnology Overview

Potential ApplicationsPotential Applications

O ti i tOperating environment

Conclusions

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Nascent players in target segments

Competitor SegmentCarbon negative process produces: ‘Traditional’

productionCalcium b t

OtherC b t pcarbonate Carbonates

Key Players:Multinational

chemical producers

Stage of development: Moving towards commercialization

Moving towards commercialization

Commercial scaleproduction

NEW SKY ENERGY

commercialization commercialization production

Service / Product:

Carbon sequestration

Carbon capture

Sell CaC03 output

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Implications for technologyp gy

Carbon mineralization market appears ppopen

Demonstrated financial backingg

While cost equation remains important, little financial information on e a c a o a o ocompetitors exists

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Regulation: A Picture of C iFragmented Carbon Policy

I t ti l U it d St t Kyoto Protocol Tax Incentives

International United States

EU-ETS

NZ ETS

Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI)

NZ ETS

GGAS / Tokyo Metropolitan

VERs

Carbon SequestrationMetropolitan Government

Carbon Sequestration Funds

Going Forward: It’s not “if” but “when.”

Technical and commercial conclusions

Technology OverviewTechnology Overview

Potential ApplicationsPotential Applications

O ti i tOperating environment

Conclusions

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Technological Challenges and Questions

Use of flue gas

Inputs Catalyst+ Output=

Use of flue gasas CO2 source

NaOH cost, Lower costs at

scale

Purity of CaCO3Number of times catalyst can be

d

aO cost,availability, and

energy use

reusedAvailability of CaCl2

Overall Energy Balance

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Overall Energy Balance

Overall energy balance is a game-t b t P t id b d t dstopper, but Peptoids can be adapted

Carbon Mineralization Technologies

Turn CO2 into Mineralsu CO2 to e a s

PEPTOID CATALYST

Our current reaction:

PEPTOID CATALYST

Recommended reaction (example):Our current reaction:

CaCl2 + CO2 + 2NaOH CaCO3 + 2 NaCl + H2O

Recommended reaction (example):

Mg2SiO4 + 2CO2 2MgCO3 + SiO2

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Net CO2 sequestration Net CO2 emissions

Commercial opportunity exists pp ywith some caveats

A potentialA potential alternative to

geological sequestration

Addressing technological

Changes to regulatory framework

challenges at scale

framework should make market more

attractive

21

Immediate focus on technology gydevelopment…

Match technology gy

with a marketAddress concerns around

Explore commercial

opportunities

technology

opportunities

22

Thank youy

Questions?Q

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APPENDIX APPENDIX SLIDES

Our technology has a range of potential gy g pcosts, from $160 to $360/ton of CaCO3

400

300

350

200

250Alkalinity

Ca2+

100

150 CO2

Peptoids

CaCO3 market

0

50

CaCO3 spot Low-Peptoid High-Peptoid Low Peptoid High Peptoid

25

market Cost Cost + Pay for Inputs

+ Pay for Inputs

How much carbon is usable in chemical outputs?

- Global Top 100 chemicals production total = 0.5 Gt/year- CO2 emissions ~30Gt/Year

A CO2 ACO2 Th f li it d li f A d li it d l f

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- A+CO2 ACO2 Therefore limited supplies of A and limited sales of ACO2 constrain our opportunity.

Slide adapted from Berend Smit, LBNL

Market Exploration – Below Ground: Replace or Complement Geologic SequestrationTotal Annual Market: 45 Million Tons CO2 today:

Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR): 40

EOR & Sequestration:

Pure Sequestration:

Future Potential:

Costs of Current Geologic Sequestration: $5-$15/ton

(EOR): 40 million tons 2 million tons 3 million tons 1-2 GT

Costs of Current Geologic Sequestration: $5 $15/ton Regulatory Incentives exist today: tax incentives (up to

$30/ton) and state-led RPS (e.g., Illinois) Competitive Advantage of our Technology: Competitive Advantage of our Technology:

Avoid Transport Costs: Average of $25/ton, $1-2 M/mile for new pipelines.

Stable and safe form eliminates monitoring

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Market Exploration – Above Ground: pCarbon Capture Only Current Technologies: Most typical is post-combustion

t t h l (MEA M th l i )capture – common technology (MEA – Mono-ethanol-amine)

Costs of Current Technology: $60-$110+/ton

Key Markets and Market Size: Total future market: 1-2 GT CO2/year Natural gas “cleaning” & small-scale pilots.

Gl b ll 1900 MW f i t ll d b t i Globally, 1900 MW of installed carbon capture in power plants in 2011.

Competitive Advantage of our Technology:p g gy Avoid transport costs to geologic sites Lower projected cost of capture

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