Business Aspects of International Journal Management Kosasih Iskandarsjah editor Penerbit Graha Ilmu DiscoveryIndonesia.com.
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Business AspectsBusiness Aspectsof International Journal of International Journal
ManagementManagement
Kosasih IskandarsjahKosasih Iskandarsjaheditoreditor
Penerbit Graha IlmuPenerbit Graha IlmuDiscoveryIndonesia.comDiscoveryIndonesia.com
4 Functions of Scientific Journal4 Functions of Scientific Journal
RegistrationRegistration DisseminationDissemination ArchiveArchive CertificationCertification
Hasn’t changed much since the first Hasn’t changed much since the first such journal published in 1665: such journal published in 1665: Philosophical Transactions of the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal SocietyRoyal Society
Primary KnowledgePrimary Knowledge
Journals:Journals:primary knowledgeprimary knowledge(have unlimited shelve time in (have unlimited shelve time in libraries) - archivinglibraries) - archiving
Books/magazine:Books/magazine:secondary knowledgesecondary knowledge(have limited shelve time at libraries)(have limited shelve time at libraries)
Print to ElectronicPrint to Electronic
Print journalsPrint journals Print journals with web companionPrint journals with web companion Electronic only journalsElectronic only journals Print journals with electronic versions Print journals with electronic versions
at specialized platforms: at specialized platforms: ScienceDirect, Ovid, Synergy,Wiley ScienceDirect, Ovid, Synergy,Wiley Interscience, Highwire, SwetsWise, Interscience, Highwire, SwetsWise, ProQuestProQuest
Publishers of JournalsPublishers of Journals
University Presses:University Presses:Oxford University Press, Cambridge Oxford University Press, Cambridge University PressUniversity Press
Learned Societies:Learned Societies:American Chemical SocietyAmerican Chemical Society
Commercial Publishers:Commercial Publishers:Elsevier, Wolter Kluwer, John Wiley, Elsevier, Wolter Kluwer, John Wiley, Blackwell, Sage, Taylor & Francis, Blackwell, Sage, Taylor & Francis, World Scientific, Hindawi PublishingWorld Scientific, Hindawi Publishing
Relative Weight and IFRelative Weight and IFby Type of Publisherby Type of Publisher
SOCIAL SCIENCESSOCIAL SCIENCES NATURAL SCIENCESNATURAL SCIENCES
Relative Relative WeightWeight
Average Average Impact Impact FactorFactor
Relative Relative WeightWeight
Average Average Impact Impact FactorFactor
University University PressesPresses
20%20% 1.071.07 1%1% __
Learned Learned SocietiesSocieties
30%30% 1.351.35 55%55% 3.443.44
Commercial Commercial PublishersPublishers
50%50% 0.880.88 44%44% 2.832.83
Boismenu and Beaudry, Boismenu and Beaudry, Scholarly Journals in the New Digital WorldScholarly Journals in the New Digital World, University of Calgary Press, 2002., University of Calgary Press, 2002.
Journal Subscription PriceJournal Subscription Priceby Type of Publisherby Type of Publisher
SOCIAL SCIENCESSOCIAL SCIENCES NATURAL SCIENCESNATURAL SCIENCES
AverageAverage MedianMedian AverageAverage MedianMedian
University University PressesPresses
$143.39$143.39 $125.00$125.00 __ __
Learned Learned SocietiesSocieties
$128.32$128.32 $118.00$118.00 $899.91$899.91 $625.00$625.00
Commercial Commercial PublishersPublishers
$411.25$411.25 $358.00$358.00 $1,969.14$1,969.14 $1,698.50$1,698.50
Boismenu and Beaudry, Boismenu and Beaudry, Scholarly Journals in the New Digital WorldScholarly Journals in the New Digital World, University of Calgary Press, 2002., University of Calgary Press, 2002.
Citation and BudgetCitation and Budgetby Type of Publisherby Type of Publisher
SOCIAL SCIENCESSOCIAL SCIENCES NATURAL SCIENCESNATURAL SCIENCES
% of % of BudgetBudget
CitationCitation % of % of BudgetBudget
CitationCitation
University University PressesPresses
11%11% 20%20% __ __
Learned Learned SocietiesSocieties
13%13% 38%38% 41%41% 64%64%
Commercial Commercial PublishersPublishers
76%76% 42%42% 59%59% 36%36%
Total Total Acquisition Acquisition BudgetBudget
$19,329$19,329 $103,680$103,680
Boismenu and Beaudry, Boismenu and Beaudry, Scholarly Journals in the New Digital WorldScholarly Journals in the New Digital World, University of Calgary Press, 2002., University of Calgary Press, 2002.
Publishing ProcessPublishing Process
The conventional role of scientific The conventional role of scientific publishing comprises of the following publishing comprises of the following functions:functions:
Manuscript evaluation and selectionManuscript evaluation and selection Text preparation and formattingText preparation and formatting Distribution, promotion, and salesDistribution, promotion, and sales PreservationPreservation
New Publishing Tasks (Digital)New Publishing Tasks (Digital)
1.1. Establish a digital processing chain Establish a digital processing chain for production of by-productsfor production of by-products
2.2. Digital dissemination methodsDigital dissemination methods
3.3. Dissemination and marketing Dissemination and marketing methodsmethods
4.4. Creation of knowledge transfer Creation of knowledge transfer modelmodel
Digital processing chainDigital processing chain
Publishers’ product can be presented Publishers’ product can be presented in a number of complementary in a number of complementary forms.forms.
To enable reusability of contents, To enable reusability of contents, XML tagging has been embedded XML tagging has been embedded within the production process, within the production process, especially at the typesetting stage.especially at the typesetting stage.
Digital dissemination methodsDigital dissemination methods
Publisher no longer provide tangible Publisher no longer provide tangible product; they now provide service, in that product; they now provide service, in that reader can buy access to service.reader can buy access to service.
Readers avoid having to purchase Readers avoid having to purchase equipments necessary to store digital equipments necessary to store digital publication.publication.
Preservation and indexing which Preservation and indexing which traditionally performed by librarians, traditionally performed by librarians, ultimately become the responsibility of a ultimately become the responsibility of a publisher.publisher.
Marketing methodsMarketing methods
Due to different nature of digital Due to different nature of digital production, the dissemination and production, the dissemination and marketing methods must be marketing methods must be reviewed.reviewed.
The usage of GoogleAd, creation of The usage of GoogleAd, creation of authors’ and editors’ weblog are authors’ and editors’ weblog are several of the options.several of the options.
Knowledge transfer modelKnowledge transfer model
The most interesting one, which The most interesting one, which involved in participating in the involved in participating in the creation of knowledge transfer model creation of knowledge transfer model that benefit from interaction between that benefit from interaction between readers and authors and the use of readers and authors and the use of multimedia.multimedia.
PassivePassive to to activeactive to to interactiveinteractive
Business ModelBusiness Model
University Presses:University Presses:from university budgetfrom university budget
Learned Societies:Learned Societies:from membership fees and some from membership fees and some sponsorshipsponsorship
Commercial Publisher:Commercial Publisher:from subscription (print and from subscription (print and electronic)electronic)
Open Access/Author Pay:Open Access/Author Pay:from the author or research sponsorfrom the author or research sponsor
Commercial PublisherCommercial Publisher
The way commercial publisher evaluate The way commercial publisher evaluate the target country for publishingthe target country for publishing
GDP size and its growth. GDP size and its growth. Market size in papers, its growthMarket size in papers, its growth Quality of the scientific research and its growthQuality of the scientific research and its growth Percentage of the GDP spent on Science and Percentage of the GDP spent on Science and
TechnologyTechnology Publisher’s publishing presencePublisher’s publishing presence Publisher’s market sharePublisher’s market share Political commitment to S&TPolitical commitment to S&T Number of students and its change in timeNumber of students and its change in time
Serial Crisis (1976-1995)Serial Crisis (1976-1995)
Growth in research and library spending1976-1995
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995
Year
Inde
x(19
76 =
100
.00) US Total
AcademicR&D(constant $)
Ave ARLLibraryExpenditure(constant $)
Serial Crisis (The Solution of)Serial Crisis (The Solution of)
Resulting to new business modelResulting to new business model Starting with consortia site licensing Starting with consortia site licensing
in 1995in 1995 Follow by ‘big deal’ modelFollow by ‘big deal’ model All made possible by the internetAll made possible by the internet Commercial publishers become even Commercial publishers become even
more lucrative with the new business more lucrative with the new business modelmodel
Challenge to Commercial Challenge to Commercial PublishersPublishers
SPARC (Scholarly Publishing and SPARC (Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources)Academic Resources)
A worldwide alliance of scholars, A worldwide alliance of scholars, librarians and institutionslibrarians and institutions
SPARC strives to return ‘science to SPARC strives to return ‘science to scientist.’scientist.’
SPARC Initial ApproachSPARC Initial Approach
Start new journals with non-profit Start new journals with non-profit publishers to compete with large, publishers to compete with large, high priced commercial journalshigh priced commercial journals
Guarantee at least 200 circulation for Guarantee at least 200 circulation for these journals (ARL libraries’ fund)these journals (ARL libraries’ fund)
Current approach: Open AccessCurrent approach: Open Access
Author/Institution Pay ModelAuthor/Institution Pay Model
Major cost-cutting and downsizing to the Major cost-cutting and downsizing to the essentials requiredessentials required
Peer Review is the service rendered by journal Peer Review is the service rendered by journal (publisher)(publisher)
Archiving provided by author-institution Archiving provided by author-institution (institutional or self-archiving)(institutional or self-archiving)
Library funds (partly) re-channeled to author Library funds (partly) re-channeled to author funding funding
Upfront payment model superior to subscription Upfront payment model superior to subscription model in virtually every way: more equitable as model in virtually every way: more equitable as there are no access restrictionsthere are no access restrictions
Advantage of Open AccessAdvantage of Open Access
Morally right: as tax payer pays for (most of) Morally right: as tax payer pays for (most of) research, (s)he should have free access to the research, (s)he should have free access to the resultsresults
Cheaper: no money required for access control Cheaper: no money required for access control systemssystems
Higher visibility - maximization and Higher visibility - maximization and acceleration of research impact (more acceleration of research impact (more citations): hence more research productivity citations): hence more research productivity and progressand progress
Third world scientists will now get access to Third world scientists will now get access to everything (level playing field)everything (level playing field)
End of library crisis?End of library crisis?
Principle of OA StrategyPrinciple of OA Strategy
Start new Open Access (OA) journalsStart new Open Access (OA) journals ‘‘Convert’ (12-20K) existing PA (Paid Convert’ (12-20K) existing PA (Paid
Access) journals into OA onesAccess) journals into OA ones Self Archiving – Institutional Self Archiving – Institutional
Repositories – Open ArchivesRepositories – Open Archives
Open Access PublishersOpen Access Publishers
Could be for-profit or non-profitCould be for-profit or non-profit Public Library of SciencePublic Library of Science BioMed Central BioMed Central Oxford University PressOxford University Press Hybrid modelsHybrid models (Highwire, J-Stage, (Highwire, J-Stage,
Hindawi)Hindawi)
Scholarly Publishing: IndonesiaScholarly Publishing: Indonesia
Mostly university pressesMostly university presses Some society publishing (mostly from Some society publishing (mostly from
medical professions)medical professions) Stronger in social sciences and Stronger in social sciences and
medical sciencemedical science
Parameter for DevelopingParameter for Developing
GDP size and its growth. GDP size and its growth. Market size in papers, its growthMarket size in papers, its growth Quality of the scientific research and Quality of the scientific research and
its growthits growth Percentage of the GDP spent on Percentage of the GDP spent on
Science and TechnologyScience and Technology Political commitment to S&TPolitical commitment to S&T Number of students and its change in Number of students and its change in
timetime
GDP of IndonesiaGDP of IndonesiaRank Country GDP (purchasing power parity)
Growth Date of Information
1 World $ 60,630,000,000,000 4.70% 2005 est.
2 United States $ 12,310,000,000,000 3.20% 2005 est.
3 European Union $ 12,180,000,000,000 1.70% 2005 est.
4 China $ 8,883,000,000,000 10.20% 2005 est.
5 Japan $ 4,025,000,000,000 2.60% 2005 est.
6 India $ 3,666,000,000,000 8.40% 2005 est.
7 Germany $ 2,480,000,000,000 0.90% 2005 est.
8 United Kingdom $ 1,818,000,000,000 1.90% 2005 est.
9 France $ 1,794,000,000,000 1.20% 2005 est.
10 Italy $ 1,667,000,000,000 0.10% 2005 est.
11 Russia $ 1,584,000,000,000 6.40% 2005 est.
12 Brazil $ 1,536,000,000,000 2.30% 2005 est.
13 Canada $ 1,111,000,000,000 2.90% 2005 est.
14 Korea, South $ 1,101,000,000,000 4.00% 2005 est.
15 Mexico $ 1,064,000,000,000 3.00% 2005 est.
16 Spain $ 1,033,000,000,000 3.50% 2005 est.
17 Indonesia $ 869,700,000,000 5.60% 2005 est.
18 Australia $ 635,500,000,000 2.70% 2005 est.
19 Taiwan $ 630,000,000,000 4.00% 2005 est.
20 Turkey $ 584,500,000,000 7.40% 2005 est
Market size in papersMarket size in papers Based on GDP, Indonesia rank the 17th and at Based on GDP, Indonesia rank the 17th and at
the same level with other emerging other the same level with other emerging other science countries, but the market size of papers science countries, but the market size of papers is still below those of Taiwan, South Korea, and is still below those of Taiwan, South Korea, and India.India.
However, the commitment of the Indonesian However, the commitment of the Indonesian government on higher budget for education will government on higher budget for education will eventually trickle to the scientific paper eventually trickle to the scientific paper creations.creations.
The change of status of many top universities The change of status of many top universities to BHMN (stated own legal entity) will free the to BHMN (stated own legal entity) will free the universities to find collaborations with various universities to find collaborations with various parties to create the most efficient scholarly parties to create the most efficient scholarly communication platform.communication platform.
Quality of the scientific researchesQuality of the scientific researches
University presses are traditionally stronger in University presses are traditionally stronger in social sciences and in Indonesia it’s no exception. social sciences and in Indonesia it’s no exception. However, medical research will also have more However, medical research will also have more rooms, especially with the possible sponsorship of rooms, especially with the possible sponsorship of pharmaceutical companies as well as traditional pharmaceutical companies as well as traditional herbal medicine companies in studying herbal medicine companies in studying Indonesian Indonesian materia medicamateria medica..
While geographic-bound research might be While geographic-bound research might be important locally, a journal must not emphasize important locally, a journal must not emphasize too much on local research in order to get too much on local research in order to get international exposure (and hence international international exposure (and hence international market) of the journal.market) of the journal.
% of GDP spent on S&T% of GDP spent on S&TPolitical commitment to S&TPolitical commitment to S&T
The above two parameters can be The above two parameters can be increased by effective lobbying to increased by effective lobbying to government bodies by Indonesian government bodies by Indonesian universities.universities.
Effective usage of current level of Effective usage of current level of research fund must be encouraged.research fund must be encouraged.
Number of studentsNumber of students
Indonesia has big number of students Indonesia has big number of students which increase over time. Besides the which increase over time. Besides the quantity, quality of researches conducted quantity, quality of researches conducted by these students can be improved.by these students can be improved.
Introduce students to scholarly journals Introduce students to scholarly journals (many of them available for free in the (many of them available for free in the Internet) is essential to build a sizeable Internet) is essential to build a sizeable scholarly minded individuals (and hence scholarly minded individuals (and hence both writer and reader of scholarly both writer and reader of scholarly articles) in the near future.articles) in the near future.
Review on Business ModelsReview on Business Models
Author/Insitutional PayAuthor/Insitutional Pay Could be Open Access or University Could be Open Access or University
PressesPresses Minimum print run 200 copies with e-Minimum print run 200 copies with e-
journal or e-journal onlyjournal or e-journal only Using most of the electronic featuresUsing most of the electronic features Given example: Given example: World Journal of World Journal of
GastroenterologyGastroenterology (see attachment) (see attachment) Usually self publishUsually self publish
Review on Business ModelsReview on Business Models Society Memberships ModelSociety Memberships Model Print journal with/without e-journalPrint journal with/without e-journal Print run based non membershipPrint run based non membership Usually at least 1000 copiesUsually at least 1000 copies Very much print oriented with only Very much print oriented with only
limited web presencelimited web presence Mostly HK and Taiwan journalsMostly HK and Taiwan journals Given example: Given example: HK Journal of HK Journal of
NephrologyNephrology (see attachment) (see attachment) Usually using commercial servicesUsually using commercial services
Review on Business ModelsReview on Business Models Pharma Sponsorship to SocietiesPharma Sponsorship to Societies Usually print medical journal with e-Usually print medical journal with e-
journaljournal Printrun: membership + pharmaPrintrun: membership + pharma Long-term commitment from pharma Long-term commitment from pharma
is essentialis essential Most common for medical journals in Most common for medical journals in
Korea and IndiaKorea and India Given example: Given example: Diabetes India Diabetes India
(1000 copies subscriptions paid by 2 (1000 copies subscriptions paid by 2 pharmas at US$25 per annum)pharmas at US$25 per annum)
Proprietary JournalProprietary Journal
Owned by Commercial Publishers Owned by Commercial Publishers (e.g. Elsevier) or US bigger societies (e.g. Elsevier) or US bigger societies (e.g. ACS, JAMA)(e.g. ACS, JAMA)
Usually print with e-journalUsually print with e-journal Print run based on target marketPrint run based on target market Could be as little as 200 copies Could be as little as 200 copies
(specialized journal) to as many as (specialized journal) to as many as 200,000 copies (The Lancet)200,000 copies (The Lancet)
Main income from institutional Main income from institutional subscriptionssubscriptions
EpilogueEpilogue Indonesia has a long way to go to be Indonesia has a long way to go to be
considered as scientifically established considered as scientifically established countrycountry
Already has the necessary fundamentals: Already has the necessary fundamentals: GDP, number of students, commitment to GDP, number of students, commitment to educationeducation
Need to increase quantity and quality of Need to increase quantity and quality of researchesresearches
Need to find the right business model Need to find the right business model based on the nature of the journalbased on the nature of the journal
Need to embrace digital technology (print Need to embrace digital technology (print only requirement from the Ministry of only requirement from the Ministry of Education might need to be reconsidered).Education might need to be reconsidered).
Thank YouThank You
For further inquiries, please send For further inquiries, please send email to:email to:
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