Business Aspects of International Journal Management Kosasih Iskandarsjah editor Penerbit Graha Ilmu DiscoveryIndonesia.com.

Business AspectsBusiness Aspectsof International Journal of International Journal

ManagementManagement

Kosasih IskandarsjahKosasih Iskandarsjaheditoreditor

Penerbit Graha IlmuPenerbit Graha IlmuDiscoveryIndonesia.comDiscoveryIndonesia.com

4 Functions of Scientific Journal4 Functions of Scientific Journal

RegistrationRegistration DisseminationDissemination ArchiveArchive CertificationCertification

Hasn’t changed much since the first Hasn’t changed much since the first such journal published in 1665: such journal published in 1665: Philosophical Transactions of the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal SocietyRoyal Society

Primary KnowledgePrimary Knowledge

Journals:Journals:primary knowledgeprimary knowledge(have unlimited shelve time in (have unlimited shelve time in libraries) - archivinglibraries) - archiving

Books/magazine:Books/magazine:secondary knowledgesecondary knowledge(have limited shelve time at libraries)(have limited shelve time at libraries)

Print to ElectronicPrint to Electronic

Print journalsPrint journals Print journals with web companionPrint journals with web companion Electronic only journalsElectronic only journals Print journals with electronic versions Print journals with electronic versions

at specialized platforms: at specialized platforms: ScienceDirect, Ovid, Synergy,Wiley ScienceDirect, Ovid, Synergy,Wiley Interscience, Highwire, SwetsWise, Interscience, Highwire, SwetsWise, ProQuestProQuest

Publishers of JournalsPublishers of Journals

University Presses:University Presses:Oxford University Press, Cambridge Oxford University Press, Cambridge University PressUniversity Press

Learned Societies:Learned Societies:American Chemical SocietyAmerican Chemical Society

Commercial Publishers:Commercial Publishers:Elsevier, Wolter Kluwer, John Wiley, Elsevier, Wolter Kluwer, John Wiley, Blackwell, Sage, Taylor & Francis, Blackwell, Sage, Taylor & Francis, World Scientific, Hindawi PublishingWorld Scientific, Hindawi Publishing

Relative Weight and IFRelative Weight and IFby Type of Publisherby Type of Publisher

SOCIAL SCIENCESSOCIAL SCIENCES NATURAL SCIENCESNATURAL SCIENCES

Relative Relative WeightWeight

Average Average Impact Impact FactorFactor

Relative Relative WeightWeight

Average Average Impact Impact FactorFactor

University University PressesPresses

20%20% 1.071.07 1%1% __

Learned Learned SocietiesSocieties

30%30% 1.351.35 55%55% 3.443.44

Commercial Commercial PublishersPublishers

50%50% 0.880.88 44%44% 2.832.83

Boismenu and Beaudry, Boismenu and Beaudry, Scholarly Journals in the New Digital WorldScholarly Journals in the New Digital World, University of Calgary Press, 2002., University of Calgary Press, 2002.

Journal Subscription PriceJournal Subscription Priceby Type of Publisherby Type of Publisher

SOCIAL SCIENCESSOCIAL SCIENCES NATURAL SCIENCESNATURAL SCIENCES

AverageAverage MedianMedian AverageAverage MedianMedian

University University PressesPresses

$143.39$143.39 $125.00$125.00 __ __

Learned Learned SocietiesSocieties

$128.32$128.32 $118.00$118.00 $899.91$899.91 $625.00$625.00

Commercial Commercial PublishersPublishers

$411.25$411.25 $358.00$358.00 $1,969.14$1,969.14 $1,698.50$1,698.50

Boismenu and Beaudry, Boismenu and Beaudry, Scholarly Journals in the New Digital WorldScholarly Journals in the New Digital World, University of Calgary Press, 2002., University of Calgary Press, 2002.

Citation and BudgetCitation and Budgetby Type of Publisherby Type of Publisher

SOCIAL SCIENCESSOCIAL SCIENCES NATURAL SCIENCESNATURAL SCIENCES

% of % of BudgetBudget

CitationCitation % of % of BudgetBudget

CitationCitation

University University PressesPresses

11%11% 20%20% __ __

Learned Learned SocietiesSocieties

13%13% 38%38% 41%41% 64%64%

Commercial Commercial PublishersPublishers

76%76% 42%42% 59%59% 36%36%

Total Total Acquisition Acquisition BudgetBudget

$19,329$19,329 $103,680$103,680

Boismenu and Beaudry, Boismenu and Beaudry, Scholarly Journals in the New Digital WorldScholarly Journals in the New Digital World, University of Calgary Press, 2002., University of Calgary Press, 2002.

Publishing ProcessPublishing Process

The conventional role of scientific The conventional role of scientific publishing comprises of the following publishing comprises of the following functions:functions:

Manuscript evaluation and selectionManuscript evaluation and selection Text preparation and formattingText preparation and formatting Distribution, promotion, and salesDistribution, promotion, and sales PreservationPreservation

New Publishing Tasks (Digital)New Publishing Tasks (Digital)

1.1. Establish a digital processing chain Establish a digital processing chain for production of by-productsfor production of by-products

2.2. Digital dissemination methodsDigital dissemination methods

3.3. Dissemination and marketing Dissemination and marketing methodsmethods

4.4. Creation of knowledge transfer Creation of knowledge transfer modelmodel

Digital processing chainDigital processing chain

Publishers’ product can be presented Publishers’ product can be presented in a number of complementary in a number of complementary forms.forms.

To enable reusability of contents, To enable reusability of contents, XML tagging has been embedded XML tagging has been embedded within the production process, within the production process, especially at the typesetting stage.especially at the typesetting stage.

Digital dissemination methodsDigital dissemination methods

Publisher no longer provide tangible Publisher no longer provide tangible product; they now provide service, in that product; they now provide service, in that reader can buy access to service.reader can buy access to service.

Readers avoid having to purchase Readers avoid having to purchase equipments necessary to store digital equipments necessary to store digital publication.publication.

Preservation and indexing which Preservation and indexing which traditionally performed by librarians, traditionally performed by librarians, ultimately become the responsibility of a ultimately become the responsibility of a publisher.publisher.

Marketing methodsMarketing methods

Due to different nature of digital Due to different nature of digital production, the dissemination and production, the dissemination and marketing methods must be marketing methods must be reviewed.reviewed.

The usage of GoogleAd, creation of The usage of GoogleAd, creation of authors’ and editors’ weblog are authors’ and editors’ weblog are several of the options.several of the options.

Knowledge transfer modelKnowledge transfer model

The most interesting one, which The most interesting one, which involved in participating in the involved in participating in the creation of knowledge transfer model creation of knowledge transfer model that benefit from interaction between that benefit from interaction between readers and authors and the use of readers and authors and the use of multimedia.multimedia.

PassivePassive to to activeactive to to interactiveinteractive

Business ModelBusiness Model

University Presses:University Presses:from university budgetfrom university budget

Learned Societies:Learned Societies:from membership fees and some from membership fees and some sponsorshipsponsorship

Commercial Publisher:Commercial Publisher:from subscription (print and from subscription (print and electronic)electronic)

Open Access/Author Pay:Open Access/Author Pay:from the author or research sponsorfrom the author or research sponsor

Commercial PublisherCommercial Publisher

The way commercial publisher evaluate The way commercial publisher evaluate the target country for publishingthe target country for publishing

GDP size and its growth. GDP size and its growth. Market size in papers, its growthMarket size in papers, its growth Quality of the scientific research and its growthQuality of the scientific research and its growth Percentage of the GDP spent on Science and Percentage of the GDP spent on Science and

TechnologyTechnology Publisher’s publishing presencePublisher’s publishing presence Publisher’s market sharePublisher’s market share Political commitment to S&TPolitical commitment to S&T Number of students and its change in timeNumber of students and its change in time

Quantity vs Quality of PapersQuantity vs Quality of Papers(including China)(including China)

Quantity vs Quality of PapersQuantity vs Quality of Papers(excluding China)(excluding China)

Serial Crisis (1976-1995)Serial Crisis (1976-1995)

Growth in research and library spending1976-1995

100

120

140

160

180

200

220

240

260

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

Year

Inde

x(19

76 =

100

.00) US Total

AcademicR&D(constant $)

Ave ARLLibraryExpenditure(constant $)

Serial Crisis (The Solution of)Serial Crisis (The Solution of)

Resulting to new business modelResulting to new business model Starting with consortia site licensing Starting with consortia site licensing

in 1995in 1995 Follow by ‘big deal’ modelFollow by ‘big deal’ model All made possible by the internetAll made possible by the internet Commercial publishers become even Commercial publishers become even

more lucrative with the new business more lucrative with the new business modelmodel

Challenge to Commercial Challenge to Commercial PublishersPublishers

SPARC (Scholarly Publishing and SPARC (Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources)Academic Resources)

A worldwide alliance of scholars, A worldwide alliance of scholars, librarians and institutionslibrarians and institutions

SPARC strives to return ‘science to SPARC strives to return ‘science to scientist.’scientist.’

SPARC Initial ApproachSPARC Initial Approach

Start new journals with non-profit Start new journals with non-profit publishers to compete with large, publishers to compete with large, high priced commercial journalshigh priced commercial journals

Guarantee at least 200 circulation for Guarantee at least 200 circulation for these journals (ARL libraries’ fund)these journals (ARL libraries’ fund)

Current approach: Open AccessCurrent approach: Open Access

Author/Institution Pay ModelAuthor/Institution Pay Model

Major cost-cutting and downsizing to the Major cost-cutting and downsizing to the essentials requiredessentials required

Peer Review is the service rendered by journal Peer Review is the service rendered by journal (publisher)(publisher)

Archiving provided by author-institution Archiving provided by author-institution (institutional or self-archiving)(institutional or self-archiving)

Library funds (partly) re-channeled to author Library funds (partly) re-channeled to author funding funding

Upfront payment model superior to subscription Upfront payment model superior to subscription model in virtually every way: more equitable as model in virtually every way: more equitable as there are no access restrictionsthere are no access restrictions

Advantage of Open AccessAdvantage of Open Access

Morally right: as tax payer pays for (most of) Morally right: as tax payer pays for (most of) research, (s)he should have free access to the research, (s)he should have free access to the resultsresults

Cheaper: no money required for access control Cheaper: no money required for access control systemssystems

Higher visibility - maximization and Higher visibility - maximization and acceleration of research impact (more acceleration of research impact (more citations): hence more research productivity citations): hence more research productivity and progressand progress

Third world scientists will now get access to Third world scientists will now get access to everything (level playing field)everything (level playing field)

End of library crisis?End of library crisis?

Principle of OA StrategyPrinciple of OA Strategy

Start new Open Access (OA) journalsStart new Open Access (OA) journals ‘‘Convert’ (12-20K) existing PA (Paid Convert’ (12-20K) existing PA (Paid

Access) journals into OA onesAccess) journals into OA ones Self Archiving – Institutional Self Archiving – Institutional

Repositories – Open ArchivesRepositories – Open Archives

Open Access PublishersOpen Access Publishers

Could be for-profit or non-profitCould be for-profit or non-profit Public Library of SciencePublic Library of Science BioMed Central BioMed Central Oxford University PressOxford University Press Hybrid modelsHybrid models (Highwire, J-Stage, (Highwire, J-Stage,

Hindawi)Hindawi)

Scholarly Publishing: IndonesiaScholarly Publishing: Indonesia

Mostly university pressesMostly university presses Some society publishing (mostly from Some society publishing (mostly from

medical professions)medical professions) Stronger in social sciences and Stronger in social sciences and

medical sciencemedical science

Parameter for DevelopingParameter for Developing

GDP size and its growth. GDP size and its growth. Market size in papers, its growthMarket size in papers, its growth Quality of the scientific research and Quality of the scientific research and

its growthits growth Percentage of the GDP spent on Percentage of the GDP spent on

Science and TechnologyScience and Technology Political commitment to S&TPolitical commitment to S&T Number of students and its change in Number of students and its change in

timetime

GDP of IndonesiaGDP of IndonesiaRank Country GDP (purchasing power parity)

Growth Date of Information

1 World $ 60,630,000,000,000 4.70% 2005 est.

2 United States $ 12,310,000,000,000 3.20% 2005 est.

3 European Union $ 12,180,000,000,000 1.70% 2005 est.

4 China $ 8,883,000,000,000 10.20% 2005 est.

5 Japan $ 4,025,000,000,000 2.60% 2005 est.

6 India $ 3,666,000,000,000 8.40% 2005 est.

7 Germany $ 2,480,000,000,000 0.90% 2005 est.

8 United Kingdom $ 1,818,000,000,000 1.90% 2005 est.

9 France $ 1,794,000,000,000 1.20% 2005 est.

10 Italy $ 1,667,000,000,000 0.10% 2005 est.

11 Russia $ 1,584,000,000,000 6.40% 2005 est.

12 Brazil $ 1,536,000,000,000 2.30% 2005 est.

13 Canada $ 1,111,000,000,000 2.90% 2005 est.

14 Korea, South $ 1,101,000,000,000 4.00% 2005 est.

15 Mexico $ 1,064,000,000,000 3.00% 2005 est.

16 Spain $ 1,033,000,000,000 3.50% 2005 est.

17 Indonesia $ 869,700,000,000 5.60% 2005 est.

18 Australia $ 635,500,000,000 2.70% 2005 est.

19 Taiwan $ 630,000,000,000 4.00% 2005 est.

20 Turkey $ 584,500,000,000 7.40% 2005 est

Market size in papersMarket size in papers Based on GDP, Indonesia rank the 17th and at Based on GDP, Indonesia rank the 17th and at

the same level with other emerging other the same level with other emerging other science countries, but the market size of papers science countries, but the market size of papers is still below those of Taiwan, South Korea, and is still below those of Taiwan, South Korea, and India.India.

However, the commitment of the Indonesian However, the commitment of the Indonesian government on higher budget for education will government on higher budget for education will eventually trickle to the scientific paper eventually trickle to the scientific paper creations.creations.

The change of status of many top universities The change of status of many top universities to BHMN (stated own legal entity) will free the to BHMN (stated own legal entity) will free the universities to find collaborations with various universities to find collaborations with various parties to create the most efficient scholarly parties to create the most efficient scholarly communication platform.communication platform.

Quality of the scientific researchesQuality of the scientific researches

University presses are traditionally stronger in University presses are traditionally stronger in social sciences and in Indonesia it’s no exception. social sciences and in Indonesia it’s no exception. However, medical research will also have more However, medical research will also have more rooms, especially with the possible sponsorship of rooms, especially with the possible sponsorship of pharmaceutical companies as well as traditional pharmaceutical companies as well as traditional herbal medicine companies in studying herbal medicine companies in studying Indonesian Indonesian materia medicamateria medica..

While geographic-bound research might be While geographic-bound research might be important locally, a journal must not emphasize important locally, a journal must not emphasize too much on local research in order to get too much on local research in order to get international exposure (and hence international international exposure (and hence international market) of the journal.market) of the journal.

% of GDP spent on S&T% of GDP spent on S&TPolitical commitment to S&TPolitical commitment to S&T

The above two parameters can be The above two parameters can be increased by effective lobbying to increased by effective lobbying to government bodies by Indonesian government bodies by Indonesian universities.universities.

Effective usage of current level of Effective usage of current level of research fund must be encouraged.research fund must be encouraged.

Number of studentsNumber of students

Indonesia has big number of students Indonesia has big number of students which increase over time. Besides the which increase over time. Besides the quantity, quality of researches conducted quantity, quality of researches conducted by these students can be improved.by these students can be improved.

Introduce students to scholarly journals Introduce students to scholarly journals (many of them available for free in the (many of them available for free in the Internet) is essential to build a sizeable Internet) is essential to build a sizeable scholarly minded individuals (and hence scholarly minded individuals (and hence both writer and reader of scholarly both writer and reader of scholarly articles) in the near future.articles) in the near future.

Review on Business ModelsReview on Business Models

Author/Insitutional PayAuthor/Insitutional Pay Could be Open Access or University Could be Open Access or University

PressesPresses Minimum print run 200 copies with e-Minimum print run 200 copies with e-

journal or e-journal onlyjournal or e-journal only Using most of the electronic featuresUsing most of the electronic features Given example: Given example: World Journal of World Journal of

GastroenterologyGastroenterology (see attachment) (see attachment) Usually self publishUsually self publish

Review on Business ModelsReview on Business Models Society Memberships ModelSociety Memberships Model Print journal with/without e-journalPrint journal with/without e-journal Print run based non membershipPrint run based non membership Usually at least 1000 copiesUsually at least 1000 copies Very much print oriented with only Very much print oriented with only

limited web presencelimited web presence Mostly HK and Taiwan journalsMostly HK and Taiwan journals Given example: Given example: HK Journal of HK Journal of

NephrologyNephrology (see attachment) (see attachment) Usually using commercial servicesUsually using commercial services

Review on Business ModelsReview on Business Models Pharma Sponsorship to SocietiesPharma Sponsorship to Societies Usually print medical journal with e-Usually print medical journal with e-

journaljournal Printrun: membership + pharmaPrintrun: membership + pharma Long-term commitment from pharma Long-term commitment from pharma

is essentialis essential Most common for medical journals in Most common for medical journals in

Korea and IndiaKorea and India Given example: Given example: Diabetes India Diabetes India

(1000 copies subscriptions paid by 2 (1000 copies subscriptions paid by 2 pharmas at US$25 per annum)pharmas at US$25 per annum)

Proprietary JournalProprietary Journal

Owned by Commercial Publishers Owned by Commercial Publishers (e.g. Elsevier) or US bigger societies (e.g. Elsevier) or US bigger societies (e.g. ACS, JAMA)(e.g. ACS, JAMA)

Usually print with e-journalUsually print with e-journal Print run based on target marketPrint run based on target market Could be as little as 200 copies Could be as little as 200 copies

(specialized journal) to as many as (specialized journal) to as many as 200,000 copies (The Lancet)200,000 copies (The Lancet)

Main income from institutional Main income from institutional subscriptionssubscriptions

EpilogueEpilogue Indonesia has a long way to go to be Indonesia has a long way to go to be

considered as scientifically established considered as scientifically established countrycountry

Already has the necessary fundamentals: Already has the necessary fundamentals: GDP, number of students, commitment to GDP, number of students, commitment to educationeducation

Need to increase quantity and quality of Need to increase quantity and quality of researchesresearches

Need to find the right business model Need to find the right business model based on the nature of the journalbased on the nature of the journal

Need to embrace digital technology (print Need to embrace digital technology (print only requirement from the Ministry of only requirement from the Ministry of Education might need to be reconsidered).Education might need to be reconsidered).

Thank YouThank You

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