Transcript
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Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.1a The human skeleton.
Skull
Thoracic cage(ribs andsternum)
(a) Anterior view
Facial bonesCranium
Sacrum
Vertebralcolumn
ClavicleScapulaSternumRibHumerusVertebraRadiusUlna
Carpals
PhalangesMetacarpalsFemurPatella
TibiaFibula
TarsalsMetatarsals
Phalanges
Chapter 7 - The SkeletonKnow all of the bones in the body
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Figure 7.1b The human skeleton.
(b) Posterior view
Cranium
Clavicle
Bones ofpectoralgirdle
Bones ofpelvic girdle
Upperlimb
ScapulaRib
Humerus
Vertebra
Radius
UlnaCarpals
Phalanges
Metacarpals
Femur Lower
limbTibia
Fibula
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The Axial Skeleton
The Skull
Cranial Bones
Frontal bone
Parietal bones (2)
Major sutures
Coronal suture Sagittal suture
Lambdoid suture
Squamous suture
Occipital bone
Occipitomastoid suture
Temporal bones (2)
Sphenoid bone
Ethmoid bone
Sutural Bones
Facial Bones
Mandible
Maxillary bones (maxillae) (2)
Zygomatic bones (2)
Nasal bones (2)
Lacrimal bones (2) Palatine bones (2)
Vomer
Inferior nasal conchae (2)
Other markings
Foramen magnum
External acoustic meatus
Internal acoustic meatus
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Figure 7.4a Anatomy of the anterior and posterior aspects of the skull.
Parietal bone
Squamous partof frontal boneNasal bone
Sphenoid bone
Temporal boneEthmoid bone
Lacrimal bone
Zygomatic bone
MaxillaMandible
Infraorbital foramen
Mentalforamen
(a) Anterior viewMandibular symphysis
Frontal bone
Glabella
Frontonasal suture
Supraorbital foramen(notch)
Supraorbital margin
Superior orbitalfissure
Inferior orbitalfissure
Middle nasalconcha
Inferior nasal concha
Vomer
Optic canal
Perpendicular
plate
Ethmoid
bone
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Figure 7.4b Anatomy of the anterior and posterior aspects of the skull.
Lambdoidsuture
Occipital bone
Superior nuchal line
Externaloccipitalprotuberance
Suturalbone
Occipitomastoidsuture
(b) Posterior view
Occipitalcondyle
Externaloccipitalcrest
Inferiornuchalline
Mastoidprocess
Parietal
bone
Sagittal suture
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Figure 7.5a Bones of the lateral aspect of the skull, external and internal views.
Coronal suture Frontal bone
Sphenoid bone
Ethmoid bone
Lacrimal bone
Lacrimal fossa
Nasal bone
Zygomatic
bone
Maxilla
Alveolarmargins
Mandible
Mental foramen
Parietal bone
Lambdoidsuture
Squamoussuture
Occipital
bone
OccipitomastoidsutureExternal acousticmeatusMastoid process
Styloid processMandibular condyle
Mandibular notch
Mandibular ramus
(a) External anatomy of the right side of the skull
Mandibular angle Coronoid process
Zygomaticprocess
Temporal bone
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Figure 7.5b Bones of the lateral aspect of the skull, external and internal views.
Parietal bone
Coronal sutureFrontal bone
Frontal sinus
Greaterwing
Crista galliNasal bone
Sphenoid sinusEthmoid bone
(perpendicularplate)Vomer
Maxilla
Mandible
Alveolarmargins
Incisive fossa
LambdoidsutureOccipitalbone
OccipitomastoidsutureExternal occipitalprotuberance
Internal acoustic
meatusSella turcicaof sphenoidbone
Pterygoidprocess ofsphenoid bone
MandibularforamenPalatine bone
SquamoussutureTemporalbone
(b) Midsagittal section showing the internal anatomy of the left half of skull
Lesserwing
Palatine process of maxilla
Sphenoidbone
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Figure 7.6a Inferior aspect of the skull, mandible removed.
Incisive fossa
Median palatine suture
Intermaxillary suture
Infraorbital foramen
Maxilla
Sphenoid bone
Foramen ovale
Foramen lacerum
Carotid canal
External acoustic meatus
Stylomastoidforamen
Jugular foramen
Foramen magnum
Occipital condyle
Inferior nuchal line
Superior nuchal line
Foramen spinosum
Maxilla
Hardpalate
Zygomatic bone
Temporal bone
Mandibularfossa
Vomer
Styloid process
External occipital crest
External occipitalprotuberance
(a) Inferior view of the skull (mandible removed)
Mastoid process
Temporal bonePharyngeal tubercleof basilar region ofthe occipital boneParietal bone
Palatine bone
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Figure 7.7a The floor of the cranial cavity.
Hypophyseal fossaof sella turcica
Middle cranialfossa
Temporal bone
Posteriorcranial fossa
Parietal bone
Occipital bone
Foramen magnum
(a) Superior view of the skull, calvaria removed
Frontal bone
Olfactory foramina
Optic canal
Foramen rotundum
Foramen ovale
Foramen spinosum
Jugular foramen
Hypoglossal canal
Foramen lacerumInternal acousticmeatus
Ethmoid
bone
Sphenoid
Anterior cranial fossa
View
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Hyoid Bone
Not a bone of the skull
Does not articulate directly with another bone
Site of attachment for muscles of swallowing and speech
Figure 7.12 The hyoid bone, anterior view.
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Vertebral Column
Vertebral Column: Curvatures
General Structure of Vertebrae
Body or centrum
Pedicle
Superior articular process Superior articular facet
Tranverse process
Lamina
Spinous process
Vertebral arch
Vertebral foramen
Cervical Vertebrae
C1 to C7: smallest, lightest vertebrae
Atlas (C1)
Axis (C2)
Thoracic Vertebrae
T1 to T12 All articulate with ribs at facets
Long spinous process
Lumbar Vertebrae L1 to L5 Short, thick pedicles and laminae
Flat hatchet-shaped spinous processes
Sacrum and Coccyx
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Figure 7.16 The vertebral column.
Cervical curvature
(concave)7 vertebrae, C1C7
Thoraciccurvature
(convex)12 vertebrae,T1T12
Lumbar curvature
(concave)5 vertebrae, L1L5
Sacral curvature
(convex)5 fused vertebraesacrum
Coccyx4 fused vertebrae
Anterior view Right lateral view
Spinousprocess
Transverseprocesses
Intervertebraldiscs
Intervertebralforamen
C1
Atlas = C1Axis = C2
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Figure 7.18 Structure of a typical vertebra.
Posterior
Anterior
Lamina
Superiorarticularprocessandfacet
Transverseprocess
Pedicle
Spinous
process
Vertebralarch
VertebralforamenBody(centrum)
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Figure 7.20 Posterolateral views of articulated vertebrae.
Transverseprocess
Spinousprocess
Superior articularprocess
Superiorarticularprocess
Transverseprocess
Spinousprocess
Transversecostal facet (for
tubercle of rib)
Body
Intervertebraldisc
Intervertebraldisc
Body
Dens of axisTransverseligament of atlasC1 (atlas)
C2 (axis)
Bifid spinousprocessTransverseprocessesC7 (vertebra
prominens)
Inferior costalfacet (for headof rib)
Inferior articularprocess
Inferiorarticularprocess
(a) Cervical vertebrae
(c) Lumbar vertebrae
(b) Thoracic vertebrae
C3Inferior articularprocess
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Thoracic Cage
Sternum (Breastbone)
Manubrium
Body
Xiphoid process
Jugular notch Clavicular notch
Xiphisternal joint
Ribs and Their Attachments
12 pairs
Pairs 1 through 7
True (vertebrosternal) ribs
Pairs 8 through12 False ribs
Pairs 810 also called vertebrochondral ribs
Pairs 1112 also called vertebral (floating) ribs
No attachment to sternum
Intercostal spaces
Costal cartilage
Costal margin
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Figure 7.22a The thoracic cage.
Intercostal spaces
True
ribs
(17)
False
ribs(812)
Jugular notch
Clavicular notch
Manubrium
Sternal angleBodyXiphisternaljoint
Xiphoidprocess
L1Vertebra
Floating ribs (11, 12)(a) Skeleton of the thoracic cage, anterior view
Sternum
Costal cartilage
Costal margin
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Appendicular Skeleton
Pectoral Girdle (Shoulder Girdle)
Clavicles (Collarbones)
Acromial (lateral) end
Sternal (medial) end
Conoid tubercle
Scapulae (Shoulder Blades)
Acromion
Coracoid process
Glenoid cavity
Suprascapular notch
Spine
Infraglenoid tubercle
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Figure 7.24b The pectoral girdle and clavicle.
Acromial (lateral)end(b) Right clavicle, superior view
Posterior
Sternal (medial)end
Anterior
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Figure 7.24c The pectoral girdle and clavicle.
Acromial end
Trapezoid line
Conoid tubercle
Anterior
Posterior
Sternal end
Right clavicle, inferior view(c)
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Figure 7.25a The scapula.
Acromion
Coracoidprocess
Suprascapular notch
Superior border
Superior
angle
Subscapularfossa
Medial border
Inferior angle
Glenoidcavity
Lateral border
(a) Right scapula, anterior aspect
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Figure 7.25b The scapula.
Superiorangle
Medial border
Coracoid processSuprascapular notch
Acromion
Glenoidcavityat lateral
angle
Lateral border
Infraspinousfossa
Spine
(b) Right scapula, posterior aspect
Supraspinousfossa
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Figure 7.25c The scapula.
Coracoidprocess
Glenoidcavity
Acromion
Infraspinousfossa
Spine
(c) Right scapula, lateral aspect
Infraglenoidtubercle
Supraglenoidtubercle
Supraspinous fossa
Subscapularfossa
Inferior angle
Supraspinous
fossa
Infraspinousfossa
Subscapularfossa
Posterior Anterior
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Humerus
Greater tubercle
Lesser tubercle
Intertubercular sulcus
Head of humerus
Radial fossa
Capitulum
Coronoid fossa
Olecranon fossa
Medial epicondyle
Trochlea
Lateral epicondyle
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Figure 7.26a The humerus of the right arm and detailed views of articulation at the elbow.
Greatertubercle
Lessertubercle
Inter-tubercularsulcus
Lateral
supracondylarridge
Radialfossa
Capitulum
Head ofhumerus
Anatomical
neck
Deltoidtuberosity
Coronoidfossa
Medialepicondyle
Trochlea(a) Anterior view
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Figure 7.26b The humerus of the right arm and detailed views of articulation at the elbow.
Head ofhumerus
Anatomicalneck
Radial groove
Olecranonfossa
Medialepicondyle
Trochlea
Surgicalneck
Deltoid
tuberosity
Greatertubercle
Lateralepicondyle
Medialsupracondylarridge
(b) Posterior view
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Bones of the Forearm
Ulna
Head of ulna
Olecranon process
Trochlear notch
Coronoid process Styloid process of ulna
Radius
Head
Neck
Radial Tuberosity
Styloid process of radius
Fi 7 27 R di d l f th i ht f
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Figure 7.27a Radius and ulna of the right forearm.
Radial notchof the ulna
Olecranon process
Trochlear notch
Coronoid processProximal radioulnar joint
Distal radioulnar joint
Ulnar notch of the radius
Head of ulna
Styloid process of ulna
Interosseous membrane
Ulna
Head
NeckRadialtuberosity
Radius
Styloid processof radius
(a) Anterior view
Fi 7 27b R di d l f th i ht f
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Figure 7.27b Radius and ulna of the right forearm.
Olecranon process
Styloid processof radius
Radius
Neck of radius
Head of radius
Ulnar notch ofthe radius
Head of ulna
Styloid processof ulna
Interosseous
membraneUlna
(b) Posterior view
Fig r 7 27 R di d l f th right f r r
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(c) Proximal portion of ulna,
lateral view
Olecranon process
Trochlear notch
Coronoid process
Radial notch
View
Figure 7.27c Radius and ulna of the right forearm.
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Hand
Carpals
Scaphoid
Lunate
Triquetrum
Pisiform
Trapezium
Trapezoid
Capitate
Hamate
Metacarpals
Head
Shaft Base
Phalanges
Distal
Middle
Proximal
Figure 7 28a Bones of the left hand
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Figure 7.28a Bones of the left hand.
Triquetrum Lunate
Capitate Hamate
Pisiform
Metacarpals
Carpals
Ulna
Trapezoid
Trapezium
Scaphoid
Carpals
(a) Anterior view of left hand
Radius
Sesamoidbones
Figure 7 28b Bones of the left hand
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Figure 7.28b Bones of the left hand.
Trapezoid
Trapezium
Scaphoid
Phalanges
Carpals
Radius
Proximal Middle
Distal
Triquetrum Lunate
Capitate
Hamate
Metacarpals
Carpals
(b) Posterior view of left hand
Ulna
Base Shaft
Head
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Pelvic (Hip) Girdle
Coxal Bone
Ilium
Ischium
Pubis
Iliac crest Iliac fossa
Acetabulum
Pubic symphysis
Greater sciatic notch
Lesser sciatic notch
Ischial spine
Ischial ramus
Obturator foramen
Pubic tubercle
Auricular surface
Arcuate line
Figure 7 29 Articulated pelvis showing the two hip (coxal) bones (which together form the pelvic girdle) the sacrum
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Figure 7.29 Articulated pelvis showing the two hip (coxal) bones (which together form the pelvic girdle), the sacrum,and the coccyx.
Coxalbone
llium
Sacroiliacjoint
Iliac fossa
Pubicbone
Ischium
Sacrum
Base of sacrum
Sacralpromontory
Pelvic brim
Acetabulum
Pubic crestPubic symphysis
Iliac crest
Coccyx
Pubic arch
Anterior inferioriliac spine
Anteriorsuperioriliac spine
Pubic tubercle
Figure 7 30c Bones of the bony pelvis
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Figure 7.30c Bones of the bony pelvis.
Anteriorgluteal line Ilium
Anterior
superioriliac spine
Anteriorinferioriliac spine
Inferiorgluteal
line
Acetabulum
Pubicbody
Pubictubercle
Inferiorramusof pubis
Posterior
gluteal line
Posteriorsuperioriliac spine
Posteriorinferioriliac spine
Greatersciatic notch
Ischial spine
Ischium
Ischial body
Lessersciatic notch
Ischialtuberosity
Ischial ramus
(c) Lateral view, right hip bone
Obturatorforamen
Figure 7 30d Bones of the bony pelvis
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Figure 7.30d Bones of the bony pelvis.
Auricularsurface
Posteriorsuperioriliac spine
Posteriorinferior
iliac spine
Greatersciatic notch
Ischial spine
Lesser
sciatic notch
Obturatorforamen
Ilium
Anterior
superioriliac spine
Anteriorinferioriliac spine
Superior
ramusof pubis
Pubictubercle
Articularsurface of
pubis (atpubicsymphysis)
Inferior ramusof pubis
Ischialramus
Iliacfossa
Arcuateline
(d) Medial view, right hip bone
Ischium
Figure 7.31a Bones of the right knee and thigh.
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Figure 7.31a Bones of the right knee and thigh.
Posterior
Facet formedialcondyleof femur
Facet for lateral
condyle of femur
Surface forpatellarligament
Apex
Anterior
(a) Patella (kneecap)
PatellaApex
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Femur
Head
Neck
Fovea capitis
Lesser trochanter
Greater trochanter Intertrochanteric line
Intertrochanteric crest
Linea aspea
Lateral condyle
Medial condyle
Intercondylar fossa
Patellar surface
Figure 7.31b Bones of the right knee and thigh.
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gu e 3 b o es o t e g t ee a d t g
Neck Foveacapitis
Greatertrochanter
Inter-
trochantericcrest
Head
Intertrochantericline
Lesser trochanter
Gluteal tuberosity
Linea aspera
Lateralcondyle
Lateralepicondyle
Intercondylar fossa
Medial andlateral supra-condylar lines
Medial condyle
Medialepicondyle
Adductortubercle
Anterior view Posterior view
(b) Femur (thigh bone)
Lateral
epicondyle
Patellarsurface
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Bones of the Leg
Tibia
Medial condyle
Lateral condyle
Intercondylar eminence
Tibial tuberosity Medial malleolus
Articular surface of medial condyle
Articular surface of lateral condyle
Fibula
Head of fibula
Lateral malleolus
Figure 7.32a The tibia and fibula of the right leg.
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Medial condyle
Articular surface
Tibial tuberosity
Interosseous membrane
Anterior borderTibia
Medial malleolus
Intercondylar eminence
Proximal tibiofibularjoint
Distal tibiofibularjoint
Lateral malleolus
Lateral condyle
Fibula
Head
(a) Anterior view
Figure 7.32b The tibia and fibula of the right leg.
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Medial condyle
Articular surface oflateral condyle
Articular surfaceof medial condyle
Articular surface
Interosseousmembrane
Tibia Fibula
Head of fibula
Medial malleolusLateral malleolus
(b) Posterior view
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Bones of the Foot
Tarsals
Talus
Calcaneus
Cuboid
Navicular
Medial cuneiform
Intermediate cuneiform
lateral cuneiform
Metatarsals
Phalanges
Distal Middle
Proximal
Figure 7.33a Bones of the right foot.
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Medialcuneiform
Phalanges
Metatarsals
Tarsals
Navicular
Intermediatecuneiform
Talus
Calcaneus(a) Superior view
Cuboid
Lateralcuneiform
Proximal
54321
MiddleDistal
Trochleaof talus
Figure 7.33b Bones of the right foot.
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Facet for
medialmalleolus
Calcanealtuberosity(b) Medial view
Intermediatecuneiform Sustentac-
ulum tali(talar shelf)
Talus
Navicular
First metatarsal
Medial
cuneiform
Calcaneus
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