Bone Practical Figures

8/3/2019 Bone Practical Figures

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Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.1a The human skeleton.

Skull

Thoracic cage(ribs andsternum)

(a) Anterior view

Facial bonesCranium

Sacrum

Vertebralcolumn

ClavicleScapulaSternumRibHumerusVertebraRadiusUlna

Carpals

PhalangesMetacarpalsFemurPatella

TibiaFibula

TarsalsMetatarsals

Phalanges

Chapter 7 - The SkeletonKnow all of the bones in the body


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Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7.1b The human skeleton.

(b) Posterior view

Cranium

Clavicle

Bones ofpectoralgirdle

Bones ofpelvic girdle

Upperlimb

ScapulaRib

Humerus

Vertebra

Radius

UlnaCarpals

Phalanges

Metacarpals

Femur Lower

limbTibia

Fibula


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The Axial Skeleton

The Skull

Cranial Bones

Frontal bone

Parietal bones (2)

Major sutures

Coronal suture Sagittal suture

Lambdoid suture

Squamous suture

Occipital bone

Occipitomastoid suture

Temporal bones (2)

Sphenoid bone

Ethmoid bone

Sutural Bones

Facial Bones

Mandible

Maxillary bones (maxillae) (2)

Zygomatic bones (2)

Nasal bones (2)

Lacrimal bones (2) Palatine bones (2)

Vomer

Inferior nasal conchae (2)

Other markings

Foramen magnum

External acoustic meatus

Internal acoustic meatus


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Figure 7.4a Anatomy of the anterior and posterior aspects of the skull.

Parietal bone

Squamous partof frontal boneNasal bone

Sphenoid bone

Temporal boneEthmoid bone

Lacrimal bone

Zygomatic bone

MaxillaMandible

Infraorbital foramen

Mentalforamen

(a) Anterior viewMandibular symphysis

Frontal bone

Glabella

Frontonasal suture

Supraorbital foramen(notch)

Supraorbital margin

Superior orbitalfissure

Inferior orbitalfissure

Middle nasalconcha

Inferior nasal concha

Vomer

Optic canal

Perpendicular

plate

Ethmoid

bone


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Figure 7.4b Anatomy of the anterior and posterior aspects of the skull.

Lambdoidsuture

Occipital bone

Superior nuchal line

Externaloccipitalprotuberance

Suturalbone

Occipitomastoidsuture

(b) Posterior view

Occipitalcondyle

Externaloccipitalcrest

Inferiornuchalline

Mastoidprocess

Parietal

bone

Sagittal suture


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Figure 7.5a Bones of the lateral aspect of the skull, external and internal views.

Coronal suture Frontal bone

Sphenoid bone

Ethmoid bone

Lacrimal bone

Lacrimal fossa

Nasal bone

Zygomatic

bone

Maxilla

Alveolarmargins

Mandible

Mental foramen

Parietal bone

Lambdoidsuture

Squamoussuture

Occipital

bone

OccipitomastoidsutureExternal acousticmeatusMastoid process

Styloid processMandibular condyle

Mandibular notch

Mandibular ramus

(a) External anatomy of the right side of the skull

Mandibular angle Coronoid process

Zygomaticprocess

Temporal bone


7/45Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7.5b Bones of the lateral aspect of the skull, external and internal views.

Parietal bone

Coronal sutureFrontal bone

Frontal sinus

Greaterwing

Crista galliNasal bone

Sphenoid sinusEthmoid bone

(perpendicularplate)Vomer

Maxilla

Mandible

Alveolarmargins

Incisive fossa

LambdoidsutureOccipitalbone

OccipitomastoidsutureExternal occipitalprotuberance

Internal acoustic

meatusSella turcicaof sphenoidbone

Pterygoidprocess ofsphenoid bone

MandibularforamenPalatine bone

SquamoussutureTemporalbone

(b) Midsagittal section showing the internal anatomy of the left half of skull

Lesserwing

Palatine process of maxilla

Sphenoidbone



Figure 7.6a Inferior aspect of the skull, mandible removed.

Incisive fossa

Median palatine suture

Intermaxillary suture

Infraorbital foramen

Maxilla

Sphenoid bone

Foramen ovale

Foramen lacerum

Carotid canal

External acoustic meatus

Stylomastoidforamen

Jugular foramen

Foramen magnum

Occipital condyle

Inferior nuchal line

Superior nuchal line

Foramen spinosum

Maxilla

Hardpalate

Zygomatic bone

Temporal bone

Mandibularfossa

Vomer

Styloid process

External occipital crest

External occipitalprotuberance

(a) Inferior view of the skull (mandible removed)

Mastoid process

Temporal bonePharyngeal tubercleof basilar region ofthe occipital boneParietal bone

Palatine bone



Figure 7.7a The floor of the cranial cavity.

Hypophyseal fossaof sella turcica

Middle cranialfossa

Temporal bone

Posteriorcranial fossa

Parietal bone

Occipital bone

Foramen magnum

(a) Superior view of the skull, calvaria removed

Frontal bone

Olfactory foramina

Optic canal

Foramen rotundum

Foramen ovale

Foramen spinosum

Jugular foramen

Hypoglossal canal

Foramen lacerumInternal acousticmeatus

Ethmoid

bone

Sphenoid

Anterior cranial fossa

View



Hyoid Bone

Not a bone of the skull

Does not articulate directly with another bone

Site of attachment for muscles of swallowing and speech

Figure 7.12 The hyoid bone, anterior view.



Vertebral Column

Vertebral Column: Curvatures

General Structure of Vertebrae

Body or centrum

Pedicle

Superior articular process Superior articular facet

Tranverse process

Lamina

Spinous process

Vertebral arch

Vertebral foramen

Cervical Vertebrae

C1 to C7: smallest, lightest vertebrae

Atlas (C1)

Axis (C2)

Thoracic Vertebrae

T1 to T12 All articulate with ribs at facets

Long spinous process

Lumbar Vertebrae L1 to L5 Short, thick pedicles and laminae

Flat hatchet-shaped spinous processes

Sacrum and Coccyx



Figure 7.16 The vertebral column.

Cervical curvature

(concave)7 vertebrae, C1C7

Thoraciccurvature

(convex)12 vertebrae,T1T12

Lumbar curvature

(concave)5 vertebrae, L1L5

Sacral curvature

(convex)5 fused vertebraesacrum

Coccyx4 fused vertebrae

Anterior view Right lateral view

Spinousprocess

Transverseprocesses

Intervertebraldiscs

Intervertebralforamen

C1

Atlas = C1Axis = C2



Figure 7.18 Structure of a typical vertebra.

Posterior

Anterior

Lamina

Superiorarticularprocessandfacet

Transverseprocess

Pedicle

Spinous

process

Vertebralarch

VertebralforamenBody(centrum)



Figure 7.20 Posterolateral views of articulated vertebrae.

Transverseprocess

Spinousprocess

Superior articularprocess

Superiorarticularprocess

Transverseprocess

Spinousprocess

Transversecostal facet (for

tubercle of rib)

Body

Intervertebraldisc

Intervertebraldisc

Body

Dens of axisTransverseligament of atlasC1 (atlas)

C2 (axis)

Bifid spinousprocessTransverseprocessesC7 (vertebra

prominens)

Inferior costalfacet (for headof rib)

Inferior articularprocess

Inferiorarticularprocess

(a) Cervical vertebrae

(c) Lumbar vertebrae

(b) Thoracic vertebrae

C3Inferior articularprocess



Thoracic Cage

Sternum (Breastbone)

Manubrium

Body

Xiphoid process

Jugular notch Clavicular notch

Xiphisternal joint

Ribs and Their Attachments

12 pairs

Pairs 1 through 7

True (vertebrosternal) ribs

Pairs 8 through12 False ribs

Pairs 810 also called vertebrochondral ribs

Pairs 1112 also called vertebral (floating) ribs

No attachment to sternum

Intercostal spaces

Costal cartilage

Costal margin



Figure 7.22a The thoracic cage.

Intercostal spaces

True

ribs

(17)

False

ribs(812)

Jugular notch

Clavicular notch

Manubrium

Sternal angleBodyXiphisternaljoint

Xiphoidprocess

L1Vertebra

Floating ribs (11, 12)(a) Skeleton of the thoracic cage, anterior view

Sternum

Costal cartilage

Costal margin



Appendicular Skeleton

Pectoral Girdle (Shoulder Girdle)

Clavicles (Collarbones)

Acromial (lateral) end

Sternal (medial) end

Conoid tubercle

Scapulae (Shoulder Blades)

Acromion

Coracoid process

Glenoid cavity

Suprascapular notch

Spine

Infraglenoid tubercle



Figure 7.24b The pectoral girdle and clavicle.

Acromial (lateral)end(b) Right clavicle, superior view

Posterior

Sternal (medial)end

Anterior



Figure 7.24c The pectoral girdle and clavicle.

Acromial end

Trapezoid line

Conoid tubercle

Anterior

Posterior

Sternal end

Right clavicle, inferior view(c)



Figure 7.25a The scapula.

Acromion

Coracoidprocess

Suprascapular notch

Superior border

Superior

angle

Subscapularfossa

Medial border

Inferior angle

Glenoidcavity

Lateral border

(a) Right scapula, anterior aspect



Figure 7.25b The scapula.

Superiorangle

Medial border

Coracoid processSuprascapular notch

Acromion

Glenoidcavityat lateral

angle

Lateral border

Infraspinousfossa

Spine

(b) Right scapula, posterior aspect

Supraspinousfossa



Figure 7.25c The scapula.

Coracoidprocess

Glenoidcavity

Acromion

Infraspinousfossa

Spine

(c) Right scapula, lateral aspect

Infraglenoidtubercle

Supraglenoidtubercle

Supraspinous fossa

Subscapularfossa

Inferior angle

Supraspinous

fossa

Infraspinousfossa

Subscapularfossa

Posterior Anterior


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Humerus

Greater tubercle

Lesser tubercle

Intertubercular sulcus

Head of humerus

Radial fossa

Capitulum

Coronoid fossa

Olecranon fossa

Medial epicondyle

Trochlea

Lateral epicondyle


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Figure 7.26a The humerus of the right arm and detailed views of articulation at the elbow.

Greatertubercle

Lessertubercle

Inter-tubercularsulcus

Lateral

supracondylarridge

Radialfossa

Capitulum

Head ofhumerus

Anatomical

neck

Deltoidtuberosity

Coronoidfossa

Medialepicondyle

Trochlea(a) Anterior view


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Figure 7.26b The humerus of the right arm and detailed views of articulation at the elbow.

Head ofhumerus

Anatomicalneck

Radial groove

Olecranonfossa

Medialepicondyle

Trochlea

Surgicalneck

Deltoid

tuberosity

Greatertubercle

Lateralepicondyle

Medialsupracondylarridge

(b) Posterior view


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Bones of the Forearm

Ulna

Head of ulna

Olecranon process

Trochlear notch

Coronoid process Styloid process of ulna

Radius

Head

Neck

Radial Tuberosity

Styloid process of radius

Fi 7 27 R di d l f th i ht f


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Figure 7.27a Radius and ulna of the right forearm.

Radial notchof the ulna

Olecranon process

Trochlear notch

Coronoid processProximal radioulnar joint

Distal radioulnar joint

Ulnar notch of the radius

Head of ulna

Styloid process of ulna

Interosseous membrane

Ulna

Head

NeckRadialtuberosity

Radius

Styloid processof radius

(a) Anterior view

Fi 7 27b R di d l f th i ht f


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Figure 7.27b Radius and ulna of the right forearm.

Olecranon process

Styloid processof radius

Radius

Neck of radius

Head of radius

Ulnar notch ofthe radius

Head of ulna

Styloid processof ulna

Interosseous

membraneUlna

(b) Posterior view

Fig r 7 27 R di d l f th right f r r


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(c) Proximal portion of ulna,

lateral view

Olecranon process

Trochlear notch

Coronoid process

Radial notch

View

Figure 7.27c Radius and ulna of the right forearm.


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Hand

Carpals

Scaphoid

Lunate

Triquetrum

Pisiform

Trapezium

Trapezoid

Capitate

Hamate

Metacarpals

Head

Shaft Base

Phalanges

Distal

Middle

Proximal

Figure 7 28a Bones of the left hand


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Figure 7.28a Bones of the left hand.

Triquetrum Lunate

Capitate Hamate

Pisiform

Metacarpals

Carpals

Ulna

Trapezoid

Trapezium

Scaphoid

Carpals

(a) Anterior view of left hand

Radius

Sesamoidbones

Figure 7 28b Bones of the left hand


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Figure 7.28b Bones of the left hand.

Trapezoid

Trapezium

Scaphoid

Phalanges

Carpals

Radius

Proximal Middle

Distal

Triquetrum Lunate

Capitate

Hamate

Metacarpals

Carpals

(b) Posterior view of left hand

Ulna

Base Shaft

Head


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Pelvic (Hip) Girdle

Coxal Bone

Ilium

Ischium

Pubis

Iliac crest Iliac fossa

Acetabulum

Pubic symphysis

Greater sciatic notch

Lesser sciatic notch

Ischial spine

Ischial ramus

Obturator foramen

Pubic tubercle

Auricular surface

Arcuate line

Figure 7 29 Articulated pelvis showing the two hip (coxal) bones (which together form the pelvic girdle) the sacrum


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Figure 7.29 Articulated pelvis showing the two hip (coxal) bones (which together form the pelvic girdle), the sacrum,and the coccyx.

Coxalbone

llium

Sacroiliacjoint

Iliac fossa

Pubicbone

Ischium

Sacrum

Base of sacrum

Sacralpromontory

Pelvic brim

Acetabulum

Pubic crestPubic symphysis

Iliac crest

Coccyx

Pubic arch

Anterior inferioriliac spine

Anteriorsuperioriliac spine

Pubic tubercle

Figure 7 30c Bones of the bony pelvis


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Figure 7.30c Bones of the bony pelvis.

Anteriorgluteal line Ilium

Anterior

superioriliac spine

Anteriorinferioriliac spine

Inferiorgluteal

line

Acetabulum

Pubicbody

Pubictubercle

Inferiorramusof pubis

Posterior

gluteal line

Posteriorsuperioriliac spine

Posteriorinferioriliac spine

Greatersciatic notch

Ischial spine

Ischium

Ischial body

Lessersciatic notch

Ischialtuberosity

Ischial ramus

(c) Lateral view, right hip bone

Obturatorforamen

Figure 7 30d Bones of the bony pelvis


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Figure 7.30d Bones of the bony pelvis.

Auricularsurface

Posteriorsuperioriliac spine

Posteriorinferior

iliac spine

Greatersciatic notch

Ischial spine

Lesser

sciatic notch

Obturatorforamen

Ilium

Anterior

superioriliac spine

Anteriorinferioriliac spine

Superior

ramusof pubis

Pubictubercle

Articularsurface of

pubis (atpubicsymphysis)

Inferior ramusof pubis

Ischialramus

Iliacfossa

Arcuateline

(d) Medial view, right hip bone

Ischium

Figure 7.31a Bones of the right knee and thigh.


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Figure 7.31a Bones of the right knee and thigh.

Posterior

Facet formedialcondyleof femur

Facet for lateral

condyle of femur

Surface forpatellarligament

Apex

Anterior

(a) Patella (kneecap)

PatellaApex


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Femur

Head

Neck

Fovea capitis

Lesser trochanter

Greater trochanter Intertrochanteric line

Intertrochanteric crest

Linea aspea

Lateral condyle

Medial condyle

Intercondylar fossa

Patellar surface

Figure 7.31b Bones of the right knee and thigh.


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gu e 3 b o es o t e g t ee a d t g

Neck Foveacapitis

Greatertrochanter

Inter-

trochantericcrest

Head

Intertrochantericline

Lesser trochanter

Gluteal tuberosity

Linea aspera

Lateralcondyle

Lateralepicondyle

Intercondylar fossa

Medial andlateral supra-condylar lines

Medial condyle

Medialepicondyle

Adductortubercle

Anterior view Posterior view

(b) Femur (thigh bone)

Lateral

epicondyle

Patellarsurface


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Bones of the Leg

Tibia

Medial condyle

Lateral condyle

Intercondylar eminence

Tibial tuberosity Medial malleolus

Articular surface of medial condyle

Articular surface of lateral condyle

Fibula

Head of fibula

Lateral malleolus

Figure 7.32a The tibia and fibula of the right leg.


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g g g

Medial condyle

Articular surface

Tibial tuberosity

Interosseous membrane

Anterior borderTibia

Medial malleolus

Intercondylar eminence

Proximal tibiofibularjoint

Distal tibiofibularjoint

Lateral malleolus

Lateral condyle

Fibula

Head

(a) Anterior view

Figure 7.32b The tibia and fibula of the right leg.


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g g g

Medial condyle

Articular surface oflateral condyle

Articular surfaceof medial condyle

Articular surface

Interosseousmembrane

Tibia Fibula

Head of fibula

Medial malleolusLateral malleolus

(b) Posterior view


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Bones of the Foot

Tarsals

Talus

Calcaneus

Cuboid

Navicular

Medial cuneiform

Intermediate cuneiform

lateral cuneiform

Metatarsals

Phalanges

Distal Middle

Proximal

Figure 7.33a Bones of the right foot.


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Medialcuneiform

Phalanges

Metatarsals

Tarsals

Navicular

Intermediatecuneiform

Talus

Calcaneus(a) Superior view

Cuboid

Lateralcuneiform

Proximal

54321

MiddleDistal

Trochleaof talus

Figure 7.33b Bones of the right foot.


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Facet for

medialmalleolus

Calcanealtuberosity(b) Medial view

Intermediatecuneiform Sustentac-

ulum tali(talar shelf)

Talus

Navicular

First metatarsal

Medial

cuneiform

Calcaneus

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