Bio Natural Gas For Cleaner Urban Transport
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Göteborg. September 2009 11
Bio-natural-gas for cleaner urban transportBIOGASMAXEuropean Biomethane Fuel Conference
Göteborg. September 7-9th, 2009
Manuel Lage, Dr. Eng.General Manager
Göteborg. September 2009 2
Energy content of different fuels
36 MJ/L
33 MJ/L 32MJ/L 32 MJ/L
21 MJ/L
24 MJ/L
11 MJ/Nm3
DIESELBIODIESEL
EMULSION FUEL
NATURAL GAS
PETROLETHANOL
LPG HYDROGEN
38 MJ/Nm3
Göteborg. September 2009 3
CNG. CO2 emission
3,02
2,75
3,153,2
0,87
0,750,73
0,97
2,5
2,6
2,7
2,8
2,9
3
3,1
3,2
3,3
Diesel Petrol LPG Natural Gas0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1
1,2
1,4
kg C
O2 / k
g fu
el
kg C
O2 / k
W·h
Göteborg. September 2009 4
Advantages of bio & natural gas
• Natural gas is an alternative fuel coming from natural wells. It is mainly methane (CH4)
• Biogas is also a methane rich gas, produced by the fermentation of the biomass, it is then a renewable fuel.
• Methane contents 25% H and 75% C, in weight
As a comparison,
• Petrol contents 13,5% H and 86,5% C
• Diesel oil contents 13,5% H and 86,5% C
• LPG contents 17,4% H and 82,6% C
Due to its molecular advantage, regulated exhaust emissions and CO2 are particularly favourable in the engines running on natural gas.
Göteborg. September 2009 5
Advantages of CNG for city transportation
Both CNG engine combustion technologies used in trucks and buses: Lean Burn and Stoichiometric, offer very significant advantages:
• Much lower gaseous emissions• Much lower noise • Reduced CO2 emission
In the case of the stoichiometric mixture combustion, exhaust pollutants are very near the fuel cell level
Göteborg. September 2009 6
CNG. NOx comparative emissions
Compared NOx emissions: Diesel Compared NOx emissions: Diesel vsvs CNG and Fuel CellCNG and Fuel Cell(Source: IVECO)(Source: IVECO)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Diesel engines
EEV limits
Fuel cell
Euro 3
Euro 4
Euro 5
CNG IVECO stoich.
Göteborg. September 2009 7
Emissions IVECO CURSOR 8 CNG engine Emissions IVECO CURSOR 8 CNG engine vsvs present and future Euro limitspresent and future Euro limits(Source: IVECO) (Source: IVECO)
5,45
0,78
1,60
5,00
0,16
0,50
3,50
0,03
4,00
1,10
3,00
0,400,65
0,02
1,55
0,01 0,008
0,53
1,10
4,00
2,00
0,03
0,50
2,00
0,00220,00
1,00
2,00
3,00
4,00
5,00
6,00
CO NMHC CH4 NOX PT
Exhaust pollutants
Emis
sion
(Gr)
, g/k
Wh
EURO 3 (2001)
EURO 4 (2006)
EURO 5 (2009)
E.E.V.
IVECO
CNG. Other Emissions Comparison
Göteborg. September 2009 8
7.0 m
Vehicle #1: IVECO 240E25 6x2 RSUVehicle #2: IVECO 240E26 6x2 RSU CNG (EEV)
Refuse collection chassis cab with bodyVehicles laden and compactingVehicles stationary
606264666870727476
1 2 3 4 5 6
Vehicle #1 Vehicle #2dB(A)
1
2
3
4
5
6
(position)
Ave71 dB(A)
Ave66 dB(A)
Microphoneheight = 1.5 m
Noise emitted by the truck
Göteborg. September 2009 9
European market development (1)
Europe (w ithout Italy)
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Years
Run
ning
park France
Germany
Sw eden
Sw itzerland
Austria
Göteborg. September 2009 10
European market development (2)
Europe. Eastern countries
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Years
Run
ning
par
k Armenia
Bulgaria
Russia
Ukraina
Göteborg. September 2009 11
European market development (3)
Italy and Total Europe
0
200000
400000
600000
800000
1000000
1200000
1400000
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Years
Run
ning
Par
k
Italy
Total Europe
Göteborg. September 2009 12
World markets: Argentina
The driver for this development has been economic. Most of the NGVs are conversions from petrol cars.The minor cost difference today smoothes the growth
Göteborg. September 2009 13
World markets: Pakistan
The driver for this development has also been economic. NGVs are both conversions from petrol and new cars, now available.
Göteborg. September 2009 14
World markets: Iran
The driver has been the Government Strategy. Iran strategy is to export all the oil produced and have NG as the domestic fuel.All new cars produced in the country have to be necessarily NGV.
Göteborg. September 2009 15
Series production CNG cars (1)
Göteborg. September 2009 16
Fiat Doblò Panorama
Göteborg. September 2009 17
Fiat Doblò. CNG tanks positioning
Göteborg. September 2009 18
Madrid CNG Refuse collection fleet
Göteborg. September 2009 19
Yearly emission savingsIveco CNG (EEV) vs. Diesel Euro 3 limits
NOx 132.391 kgCO + HC + PM 703.000 kg
CO2 2.069.440 kgPlus a 30% less fuel cost per kilometre!
Göteborg. September 2009 20
MadridCNG Refuse collection fleet
2 42
379445
675
0100200300400500600700800
1994 2000 2003 2005 2007
Göteborg. September 2009 21
Food distribution on CNG chassis
Göteborg. September 2009 22
CNG urban buses
Irisbus Iveco CITYCLASS CNG 12 m
BEIJING BUS, IVECO TECTOR CNG engine
Irisbus Iveco CITYCLASS CNG 18 m MB CITARO CNG 18 m
MB CITARO CNG 12 m
Göteborg. September 2009 23
CNG urban buses in Europe
418 847 860 13002000 2334
8000
0100020003000400050006000700080009000
Greece
SpainSwed
enGerm
any
France Italy
Russia
Göteborg. September 2009 24
Future developments of NGV’s
NGVA Europe sees the development of NGV’s in the medium term future following three main lines:
– Biogas– LNG for trucks and buses– Methane-Hydrogen mixtures
Göteborg. September 2009 25
BiogasAnother source of Natural Gas (1)
• Biogas comes from fermentation processes of biomass (organic waste, landfills, vegetable and animal feedstock), which produces methane rich gases.
• Biogas brings together the advantages of natural gas with the environmental benefits of renewable energy sources.
• Due to the wide different types of sources: forestry, landfills,agricultural; there is a large and wide potential for biogas production in Europe, where it is expected to grow significantly in the coming years.
Göteborg. September 2009 26
BiogasAnother source of Natural Gas (2)
• The raw biogas composition is variable depending upon different factors like garbage origin, humidity, temperature, etc., but it normally contains 50-55% of methane (CH4) and 40-42% of carbon dioxide (CO2).
• The depuration of this gas means:• avoiding the emission of CO2 to the atmosphere• reusing the CO2 as a commercial product• eliminating other pollutants like Cl2, F2, SH2• the purified biogas will have a 90-95% methane content
• In terms of use in vehicles, the advantages of natural gas are increased with a much better balance of total CO2 due to the renewable origin of biogas.
Göteborg. September 2009 27
Big cities.Gas use vs biogas potential
The yearly consumption of natural gas of the complete fleet of 445 garbage collection trucks is:
• 10.5 MM cubic meter
The yearly biogas production of the city is of about 40 MM cubicmeter, that once refined would mean:
• 22 MM cubic meter of biomethane
This volume is enough to fuel the full fleet of garbage collection (445 units) plus a similar figure of urban buses (25% of the total fleet of 2.000 units)
Göteborg. September 2009 28
200 bar
200 bar
200 bar
200 bar
200 barDiesel oil
LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas)The solution for medium-long distance
1 litre
5 litreCNG
1,8 litre-162OC
LNG
LNG opens the way for the medium-long distance road transport
Diesel vs CNG & LNGAutonomy equivalence
Göteborg. September 2009 29
CNG vs LNG. Tank configuration
8 tanks of 80 lt. 640 lt. CNGeq. to 128 lit. diesel
1 single LNG 360 lt. tankeq. to 200 lt. diesel (56% more)
Göteborg. September 2009 30
LNG Prototype tractors MB and IVECO
Göteborg. September 2009 31
Methane/Hydrogen mixturesA bridge towards the hydrogen fuelled transport
Methane/Hydrogen mixture (Hythane, Idrometano) offers a number of significant advantages as a bridge solution for a future hydrogen fuelled transport:
–It can be used in the existing NGV engines and vehicles with minor engine resetting
–The inboard fuel storage uses the same type of tanks and fittings, with some specification changes in materials
–The H2 content considered (~20%) does not alter the autonomy of the vehicles
–There is an immediate impact as CO2 emission reduction–The use of compressed H2 in a “large” basis will push ahead the
development of the hydrogen production and logistics
Göteborg. September 2009 32
Conclusions
• Natural gas (methane) is an excellent energy vector, with the lowest Carbon to Hydrogen ratio of all the hydrocarbons. Additionally natural gas is an alternative fuel, having a different origin from the traditional oil derived diesel, petrol and LPG
• Natural gas can be used in existing internal combustion engines, with minor additional investments, taking advantage of a well known and mature car & commercial vehicle technology
• The increasing production of biomethane, both from urban waste and from agricultural stuff is giving natural gas the new and valuable consideration of a renewable fuel
• Natural gas has been used so far as CNG mainly for urban applications. The availability of LNG will spread its use for medium and long distances road transport
• Methane/Hydrogen mixtures, that could be used the existing NGVs will become the bridge to a potential hydrogen fuelled transport
• NG vehicles are today the best and most economic alternative to oil derived fuels, also improving gaseous and acoustic emissions.
Göteborg. September 2009 33
manuel.lage@ngvaeurope.euwww.ngvaeurope.eu
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