Bio Natural Gas For Cleaner Urban Transport

Göteborg. September 2009 11

Bio-natural-gas for cleaner urban transportBIOGASMAXEuropean Biomethane Fuel Conference

Göteborg. September 7-9th, 2009

Manuel Lage, Dr. Eng.General Manager


Energy content of different fuels

36 MJ/L

33 MJ/L 32MJ/L 32 MJ/L

21 MJ/L

24 MJ/L

11 MJ/Nm3

DIESELBIODIESEL

EMULSION FUEL

NATURAL GAS

PETROLETHANOL

LPG HYDROGEN

38 MJ/Nm3


CNG. CO2 emission

3,02

2,75

3,153,2

0,87

0,750,73

0,97

2,5

2,6

2,7

2,8

2,9

3

3,1

3,2

3,3

Diesel Petrol LPG Natural Gas0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1

1,2

1,4

kg C

O2 / k

g fu

el

kg C

O2 / k

W·h


Advantages of bio & natural gas

• Natural gas is an alternative fuel coming from natural wells. It is mainly methane (CH4)

• Biogas is also a methane rich gas, produced by the fermentation of the biomass, it is then a renewable fuel.

• Methane contents 25% H and 75% C, in weight

As a comparison,

• Petrol contents 13,5% H and 86,5% C

• Diesel oil contents 13,5% H and 86,5% C

• LPG contents 17,4% H and 82,6% C

Due to its molecular advantage, regulated exhaust emissions and CO2 are particularly favourable in the engines running on natural gas.


Advantages of CNG for city transportation

Both CNG engine combustion technologies used in trucks and buses: Lean Burn and Stoichiometric, offer very significant advantages:

• Much lower gaseous emissions• Much lower noise • Reduced CO2 emission

In the case of the stoichiometric mixture combustion, exhaust pollutants are very near the fuel cell level


CNG. NOx comparative emissions

Compared NOx emissions: Diesel Compared NOx emissions: Diesel vsvs CNG and Fuel CellCNG and Fuel Cell(Source: IVECO)(Source: IVECO)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Diesel engines

EEV limits

Fuel cell

Euro 3

Euro 4

Euro 5

CNG IVECO stoich.


Emissions IVECO CURSOR 8 CNG engine Emissions IVECO CURSOR 8 CNG engine vsvs present and future Euro limitspresent and future Euro limits(Source: IVECO) (Source: IVECO)

5,45

0,78

1,60

5,00

0,16

0,50

3,50

0,03

4,00

1,10

3,00

0,400,65

0,02

1,55

0,01 0,008

0,53

1,10

4,00

2,00

0,03

0,50

2,00

0,00220,00

1,00

2,00

3,00

4,00

5,00

6,00

CO NMHC CH4 NOX PT

Exhaust pollutants

Emis

sion

(Gr)

, g/k

Wh

EURO 3 (2001)

EURO 4 (2006)

EURO 5 (2009)

E.E.V.

IVECO

CNG. Other Emissions Comparison


7.0 m

Vehicle #1: IVECO 240E25 6x2 RSUVehicle #2: IVECO 240E26 6x2 RSU CNG (EEV)

Refuse collection chassis cab with bodyVehicles laden and compactingVehicles stationary

606264666870727476

1 2 3 4 5 6

Vehicle #1 Vehicle #2dB(A)

1

2

3

4

5

6

(position)

Ave71 dB(A)

Ave66 dB(A)

Microphoneheight = 1.5 m

Noise emitted by the truck


European market development (1)

Europe (w ithout Italy)

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Years

Run

ning

park France

Germany

Sw eden

Sw itzerland

Austria



Europe. Eastern countries

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

300000

350000

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Years

Run

ning

par

k Armenia

Bulgaria

Russia

Ukraina



Italy and Total Europe

0

200000

400000

600000

800000

1000000

1200000

1400000

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Years

Run

ning

Par

k

Italy

Total Europe


World markets: Argentina

The driver for this development has been economic. Most of the NGVs are conversions from petrol cars.The minor cost difference today smoothes the growth


World markets: Pakistan

The driver for this development has also been economic. NGVs are both conversions from petrol and new cars, now available.


World markets: Iran

The driver has been the Government Strategy. Iran strategy is to export all the oil produced and have NG as the domestic fuel.All new cars produced in the country have to be necessarily NGV.


Series production CNG cars (1)


Fiat Doblò Panorama


Fiat Doblò. CNG tanks positioning


Madrid CNG Refuse collection fleet


Yearly emission savingsIveco CNG (EEV) vs. Diesel Euro 3 limits

NOx 132.391 kgCO + HC + PM 703.000 kg

CO2 2.069.440 kgPlus a 30% less fuel cost per kilometre!


MadridCNG Refuse collection fleet

2 42

379445

675

0100200300400500600700800

1994 2000 2003 2005 2007


Food distribution on CNG chassis


CNG urban buses

Irisbus Iveco CITYCLASS CNG 12 m

BEIJING BUS, IVECO TECTOR CNG engine

Irisbus Iveco CITYCLASS CNG 18 m MB CITARO CNG 18 m

MB CITARO CNG 12 m


CNG urban buses in Europe

418 847 860 13002000 2334

8000

0100020003000400050006000700080009000

Greece

SpainSwed

enGerm

any

France Italy

Russia


Future developments of NGV’s

NGVA Europe sees the development of NGV’s in the medium term future following three main lines:

– Biogas– LNG for trucks and buses– Methane-Hydrogen mixtures


BiogasAnother source of Natural Gas (1)

• Biogas comes from fermentation processes of biomass (organic waste, landfills, vegetable and animal feedstock), which produces methane rich gases.

• Biogas brings together the advantages of natural gas with the environmental benefits of renewable energy sources.

• Due to the wide different types of sources: forestry, landfills,agricultural; there is a large and wide potential for biogas production in Europe, where it is expected to grow significantly in the coming years.


BiogasAnother source of Natural Gas (2)

• The raw biogas composition is variable depending upon different factors like garbage origin, humidity, temperature, etc., but it normally contains 50-55% of methane (CH4) and 40-42% of carbon dioxide (CO2).

• The depuration of this gas means:• avoiding the emission of CO2 to the atmosphere• reusing the CO2 as a commercial product• eliminating other pollutants like Cl2, F2, SH2• the purified biogas will have a 90-95% methane content

• In terms of use in vehicles, the advantages of natural gas are increased with a much better balance of total CO2 due to the renewable origin of biogas.


Big cities.Gas use vs biogas potential

The yearly consumption of natural gas of the complete fleet of 445 garbage collection trucks is:

• 10.5 MM cubic meter

The yearly biogas production of the city is of about 40 MM cubicmeter, that once refined would mean:

• 22 MM cubic meter of biomethane

This volume is enough to fuel the full fleet of garbage collection (445 units) plus a similar figure of urban buses (25% of the total fleet of 2.000 units)


200 bar

200 bar

200 bar

200 bar

200 barDiesel oil

LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas)The solution for medium-long distance

1 litre

5 litreCNG

1,8 litre-162OC

LNG

LNG opens the way for the medium-long distance road transport

Diesel vs CNG & LNGAutonomy equivalence


CNG vs LNG. Tank configuration

8 tanks of 80 lt. 640 lt. CNGeq. to 128 lit. diesel

1 single LNG 360 lt. tankeq. to 200 lt. diesel (56% more)


LNG Prototype tractors MB and IVECO


Methane/Hydrogen mixturesA bridge towards the hydrogen fuelled transport

Methane/Hydrogen mixture (Hythane, Idrometano) offers a number of significant advantages as a bridge solution for a future hydrogen fuelled transport:

–It can be used in the existing NGV engines and vehicles with minor engine resetting

–The inboard fuel storage uses the same type of tanks and fittings, with some specification changes in materials

–The H2 content considered (~20%) does not alter the autonomy of the vehicles

–There is an immediate impact as CO2 emission reduction–The use of compressed H2 in a “large” basis will push ahead the

development of the hydrogen production and logistics


Conclusions

• Natural gas (methane) is an excellent energy vector, with the lowest Carbon to Hydrogen ratio of all the hydrocarbons. Additionally natural gas is an alternative fuel, having a different origin from the traditional oil derived diesel, petrol and LPG

• Natural gas can be used in existing internal combustion engines, with minor additional investments, taking advantage of a well known and mature car & commercial vehicle technology

• The increasing production of biomethane, both from urban waste and from agricultural stuff is giving natural gas the new and valuable consideration of a renewable fuel

• Natural gas has been used so far as CNG mainly for urban applications. The availability of LNG will spread its use for medium and long distances road transport

• Methane/Hydrogen mixtures, that could be used the existing NGVs will become the bridge to a potential hydrogen fuelled transport

• NG vehicles are today the best and most economic alternative to oil derived fuels, also improving gaseous and acoustic emissions.


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Bio Natural Gas For Cleaner Urban Transport

Technology

cng chassis gteborg

advantages of cng

g gteborg

cng tanks

growth gteborg

position gteborg

cng iveco stoich

diesel vs cng