Behavior in living organisms Behavior in one celled organisms Behavior in plants Behavior in animals.
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Behavior in living Behavior in living organismsorganisms
Behavior in one celled Behavior in one celled organismsorganismsBehavior in plantsBehavior in plantsBehavior in animalsBehavior in animals
What is a stimulus?What is a stimulus?
• Stimulus is an information from the inside or outside of the organism. Stimulus(stimuli) creates a response (physiological or behavioral) in the organism.
• Stimuli triggers a special kind of behavior for each species. Only that species respond to that stimuli.
What is behavior?What is behavior?
• Behavior is a way of response to the stimuli.
• Behavior supports the survival of the organism.
• Prey escapes from the predator. Predator follows prey. Plants respond to light.
• The science which investigates behavior is called ethology.
Instinctive Instinctive (natural) behavior(natural) behavior
• That is performed without having been learned.
• Feeding, reproduction, bird song
• Reflexes and instincts
Learned Learned behaviorbehavior
• That is changed with experience.
• Imprinting
• Conditioning
• Trial-error
• Habituation
Behavior in one celled organismsBehavior in one celled organisms
• + or – • Replacement (taxis)• + chemotaxis:toward• - chemotaxis: away • + phototaxis:• - phototaxis:• geotaxis
• Nasty• The direction of the
stimulus is not important. Cell gives the same response
• Geonasty-geonastic
Behavior -depending on the direction of the stimuli
Behavior -not depending on the direction of the stimuli
Behavior in plantsBehavior in plants
• Tropism• + phototropism:• - geotropism:stem• - chemotropism:
against chemicals• Hydrotropism:• heliotropism
• Nasty• Geonasty-geonastic
photonastic• Thermonastic• Sismonastic
Behavior -depending on the direction of the stimuli
Behavior -not depending on the direction of the stimuli
Tropism typesTropism types• Chemotropism, movement or growth in response to chemicals • Geotropism or Gravitropism, movement or growth in response
to gravity • Hydrotropism, movement or growth in response to moisture
or water • Heliotropism, movement or growth in response to sunlight • Phototropism, movement or growth in response to light • Thermotropism, movement or growth in response to
temperature • Thigmotropism, movement or growth in response to touch or
contact • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropism
• http://www.science.mcmaster.ca/psychology/psych1a6/1aa3/EvoPsych/lec1-2.htm
• http://www.animalbehavioronline.com/
• http://www.bio.davidson.edu/people/vecase/Behavior/index.html
Behavior in animalsBehavior in animals
• Reflexes are sudden and fixed behaviors. (reaction) controlled by ???
• The reflexes are not performed conciously. Spinal cord is involved for these kind of behaviors not brain.
• Grasp reflex of a baby important for catching mother.
Reflexes
InstinctsInstincts• Instinctive behavior is performed
without being learned. • It is a concious behavior. That
person is sure(concious) about what he is doing. Brain is involved.
• Migration, nesting, looking after youngs
• Endocrine and nervous system involve in behavior. The most important centers in the body are hypophysis and hypothalamus.
What is learning?What is learning?
• The behavioral changes as a result of the experiences form learning. Learning causes a change of behavior.
• Imprinting
• Conditioning
• Trial-error
• Habituation
ImprintingImprinting• Learning occurring at a particular age or a
particular life stage that is rapid.
• Young Geese of Konrad Lorenz, learn the characteristics of him as parent.
• "critical period" of
about 36 hours shortly
after hatching is best
for imprinting of geese.
ConditioningConditioning
• Conditioning is a type of associative learning.• Ivan Pavlov described the learning of
conditioned behavior as being formed by pairing stimuli to condition an animal into giving a certain response
• Food (Unconditioned.Stimulus) => Salivation (U.R.) Natural response.
• Food (U.S.) + Bell (Neutral.S.) => Salivation (U.R.) After repeating the pairing a few times.
• Bell (Conditioned.S.) => Salivation (C.R.) Learning occurs. Dogs salivate without food.
Trial-error (operant conditioning)Trial-error (operant conditioning)
• When first put into the maze, the mice took a long time to escape. With experience, ineffective responses occurred less frequently and successful responses occurred more frequently, enabling the mice to escape in less time over successive trials .
Habituation Habituation
• There is a progressive diminution (reduction) of behavioral response with the repetition of a stimulus . The learned suppression of response is habituation .
• A short amount of time after dressing, the stimulus the weight of clothes creates is 'ignored' by the nervous system and we become unaware of it.
Biological clockBiological clock
• Biological Clocks are physiological systems that enable organisms to live in harmony with the rhythms of nature, such as the cycles of day and night and of the seasons.
• Sleeping, winter sleep, migration are regulated by biological clock.
Social BehaviorSocial Behavior
• Living in a social group can provide benefits. Shielding against predators, cooperative defenses.
• Social behavior results from the interactions among two or more individuals.
• Cooperation, competition, predation, defense are social behaviors.
• Social groups have hierarchies. In the hierarchy, each individual knows his own responsibilities.
SocietiesSocieties
• The individuals of the same species effectively interact with each other in the societies. Bees, birds, wolves, human, ants
• There is a division of labor.
CommunicationCommunication
• Individuals within the society communicate with each other. This is unavoidable for gathering, feeding, defense, reproduction.
• Sound, smell(pheremones), movement, mimics are important communication ways.
Communication stylesCommunication styles• Dogs- Urination
• Birds- singing patterns and songs
• Bees- The 'round dance' reveals a food source not far away. The 'figure eight' dance reveals a distant food source.
The 'round dance' reveals a food source not far away. The 'figure eight' dance reveals a distant food source.
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