Behavior in living organisms Behavior in one celled organisms Behavior in plants Behavior in animals.

Behavior in living Behavior in living organismsorganisms

Behavior in one celled Behavior in one celled organismsorganismsBehavior in plantsBehavior in plantsBehavior in animalsBehavior in animals

What is a stimulus?What is a stimulus?

• Stimulus is an information from the inside or outside of the organism. Stimulus(stimuli) creates a response (physiological or behavioral) in the organism.

• Stimuli triggers a special kind of behavior for each species. Only that species respond to that stimuli.

What is behavior?What is behavior?

• Behavior is a way of response to the stimuli.

• Behavior supports the survival of the organism.

• Prey escapes from the predator. Predator follows prey. Plants respond to light.

• The science which investigates behavior is called ethology.

Instinctive Instinctive (natural) behavior(natural) behavior

• That is performed without having been learned.

• Feeding, reproduction, bird song

• Reflexes and instincts

Learned Learned behaviorbehavior

• That is changed with experience.

• Imprinting

• Conditioning

• Trial-error

• Habituation

Behavior in one celled organismsBehavior in one celled organisms

• + or – • Replacement (taxis)• + chemotaxis:toward• - chemotaxis: away • + phototaxis:• - phototaxis:• geotaxis

• Nasty• The direction of the

stimulus is not important. Cell gives the same response

• Geonasty-geonastic

Behavior -depending on the direction of the stimuli

Behavior -not depending on the direction of the stimuli

Behavior in plantsBehavior in plants

• Tropism• + phototropism:• - geotropism:stem• - chemotropism:

against chemicals• Hydrotropism:• heliotropism

• Nasty• Geonasty-geonastic

photonastic• Thermonastic• Sismonastic

Behavior -depending on the direction of the stimuli

Behavior -not depending on the direction of the stimuli

Tropism typesTropism types• Chemotropism, movement or growth in response to chemicals • Geotropism or Gravitropism, movement or growth in response

to gravity • Hydrotropism, movement or growth in response to moisture

or water • Heliotropism, movement or growth in response to sunlight • Phototropism, movement or growth in response to light • Thermotropism, movement or growth in response to

temperature • Thigmotropism, movement or growth in response to touch or

contact • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropism

• http://www.science.mcmaster.ca/psychology/psych1a6/1aa3/EvoPsych/lec1-2.htm

• http://www.animalbehavioronline.com/

• http://www.bio.davidson.edu/people/vecase/Behavior/index.html

Behavior in animalsBehavior in animals

• Reflexes are sudden and fixed behaviors. (reaction) controlled by ???

• The reflexes are not performed conciously. Spinal cord is involved for these kind of behaviors not brain.

• Grasp reflex of a baby important for catching mother.

Reflexes

InstinctsInstincts• Instinctive behavior is performed

without being learned. • It is a concious behavior. That

person is sure(concious) about what he is doing. Brain is involved.

• Migration, nesting, looking after youngs

• Endocrine and nervous system involve in behavior. The most important centers in the body are hypophysis and hypothalamus.

What is learning?What is learning?

• The behavioral changes as a result of the experiences form learning. Learning causes a change of behavior.

• Imprinting

• Conditioning

• Trial-error

• Habituation

ImprintingImprinting• Learning occurring at a particular age or a

particular life stage that is rapid.

• Young Geese of Konrad Lorenz, learn the characteristics of him as parent.

• "critical period" of

about 36 hours shortly

after hatching is best

for imprinting of geese.

ConditioningConditioning

• Conditioning is a type of associative learning.• Ivan Pavlov described the learning of

conditioned behavior as being formed by pairing stimuli to condition an animal into giving a certain response

• Food (Unconditioned.Stimulus) => Salivation (U.R.) Natural response.

• Food (U.S.) + Bell (Neutral.S.) => Salivation (U.R.) After repeating the pairing a few times.

• Bell (Conditioned.S.) => Salivation (C.R.) Learning occurs. Dogs salivate without food.

Trial-error (operant conditioning)Trial-error (operant conditioning)

• When first put into the maze, the mice took a long time to escape. With experience, ineffective responses occurred less frequently and successful responses occurred more frequently, enabling the mice to escape in less time over successive trials .

Habituation Habituation

• There is a progressive diminution (reduction) of behavioral response with the repetition of a stimulus . The learned suppression of response is habituation .

• A short amount of time after dressing, the stimulus the weight of clothes creates is 'ignored' by the nervous system and we become unaware of it.

Biological clockBiological clock

• Biological Clocks are physiological systems that enable organisms to live in harmony with the rhythms of nature, such as the cycles of day and night and of the seasons.

• Sleeping, winter sleep, migration are regulated by biological clock.

Social BehaviorSocial Behavior

• Living in a social group can provide benefits. Shielding against predators, cooperative defenses.

• Social behavior results from the interactions among two or more individuals.

• Cooperation, competition, predation, defense are social behaviors.

• Social groups have hierarchies. In the hierarchy, each individual knows his own responsibilities.

SocietiesSocieties

• The individuals of the same species effectively interact with each other in the societies. Bees, birds, wolves, human, ants

• There is a division of labor.

CommunicationCommunication

• Individuals within the society communicate with each other. This is unavoidable for gathering, feeding, defense, reproduction.

• Sound, smell(pheremones), movement, mimics are important communication ways.

Communication stylesCommunication styles• Dogs- Urination

• Birds- singing patterns and songs

• Bees- The 'round dance' reveals a food source not far away. The 'figure eight' dance reveals a distant food source.

The 'round dance' reveals a food source not far away. The 'figure eight' dance reveals a distant food source.